The American Dream Essay Example for Free

The American Dream Essay â€Å"The American Dream† has a couple of translations, yet one of the most well known is â€Å"Life, freedom, and the quest for happiness† which is the fantasy that most Americans make progress toward. In less complex terms, The American Dream is the chance of the quest for opportunity, opportunity, and fulfillment of necessities and needs. As Thomas Wolfe stated, â€Å" to each man, paying little heed to his introduction to the world, his sparkling, brilliant open door the option to live, to work, to act naturally, and to turn into whatever thing his masculinity and his vision can consolidate to make him† (Wolfe2). This statement clarifies how everybody in the United States gets the option to satisfy this American Dream: to work as an individual from advanced society and to seek after their deepest desires. In the event that you come to America oppressed or penniless, at that point you get the opportunity to turn that around through difficult work and assurance. As the clarification of the term states, everybody has the chance to accomplish the American Dream, contingent upon how much exertion they put in or how blessed they are. At the end of the day, a few people will have the option to buckle down, accomplish their fantasies, while others will buckle down, and not wind up being lucky enough to finish their objectives. In most case, everyone’s American dream isn't a similar a few people have various vocations in which they would need to follow. After some time, the American Dream has changed more it isn't any more discuss opportunity it is progressively about their own having a place and etc†¦ stuff that individuals would need to make their American blessing from heaven. Four years have gone during this shot and the Depression has caused significant damage. Braddock has lost his investment funds, can hardly get $30 a session and afterward has his permit removed in the wake of battling with a messed up hand. Work is short on the New Jersey docks and discretionarily appointed and Jim is undermined with his destitute kids being given over by their dedicated mother to family members that are progressively prosperous. A definitive mortification comes when he goes drained of all pride to the social occasion spot of battle advertisers, asking for the cash to take care of his utility tabs. At that point, in 1934, his old supervisor, Joe Gould, additionally confronting penury yet urgently keeping up working class appearances, gets him an irregular battle at the Garden, filling in following a very late undoing. He is relied upon to lose to a promising newcomer, however he scores an unexpected knockout. Since the battle is on the lower half of a card the night Max Baer embarrassed title holder Primo Carnera, his exhibition stands out. Gould convinces a skeptical advertiser to misuse the exposure created by this longshot and two battles later Braddock is an improbable contender for the world title presently held by Baer, the most grounded puncher of his age, a man who had executed two rivals. As we probably am aware, Braddock won. The long-standing intrigue of A Raisin in the Sun lies in the way that the familys dreams and desires for a superior life are not bound to their race, yet can be related to by individuals all things considered. Despite the fact that what that better life may resemble is distinctive for each character, the basic inspiration is all inclusive. The focal clash of the play lies in Walters idea of this American dream. Walter becomes tied up with the white collar class belief system of realism. The thought of the independent man who begins with nothing and accomplishes incredible riches through difficult work appears to be harmless enough, however the thought can get vindictive on the off chance that it develops into an adoration of riches and influence. In the first place, Hansberry shows how Walter begrudges Charlie Atkins dry-cleaning business since it earns $100,000 per year. He overlooks Ruths issue with his expected colleagues flawed character and excuses his moms moral issue with accomplishing his objectives by running an alcohol store. The alcohol store is an unfortunate obligation, and Walter is urgent for his fantasies to work out as expected. That equivalent Machiavellian ethic is exhibited when Walter intends to acknowledge Mr. Lindners offer. Walter isn't worried about the debasing ramifications of the business bargain. It is basically an approach to recuperate a portion of the lost cash. Be that as it may, Hansberry challenges Walters rough translation of the American dream by constraining him to really complete the exchange before his child. Walters failure to manage Mr. Lindner marks a noteworthy modification of his understanding of the American dream, a fantasy that innately organizes equity and balance over cash.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Design And Build Method Construction Essay

Points of interest And Disadvantages Of Design And Build Method Construction Essay While development contracts fills in as a methods for evaluating development, they likewise structure the assignment of hazard to the different gatherings included. The development field is an exceptionally broad and one of a kind in each venture. In this world the greater part of the tasks are overseen by contracts. Also, as a rule to deal with the task adequately we should initially deal with the agreements. The proprietor has the sole capacity to choose what sort of agreement conveyance technique ought to be utilized for a particular office to be built and to present the terms in an authoritative understanding. A firm needs to pick the correct conveyance technique which is undertaking to extend base and present its offer proposal to the specialist/customer during offering stage to empower it to introduce serious cost and win the task without bargaining the useful and the nature of the venture. Picking the correct technique to convey the venture will facilitate the task execution and give adaptability during development just as setting aside cash and time for a firm and accordingly the equivalent to the proprietor. It is essential to comprehend the dangers of the temporary workers related with various sort of conveyance strategies. Right now you may ask what the agreement conveyance strategies are and we ought to pick the correct conveyance techniques. Ventures conveyance strategies. There are three kinds of undertaking conveyance strategies. In this segment we will focus on plan and Build since it s the best strategy for little and medium undertakings. 1-Tender or configuration offer form strategy In this sort the proprietor/customer will pick architect to structure the entire extend and get the Endorsements from specialists at that point gliding delicate to pick reasonable contractual worker for the Construction under his watch. In this sort of technique the customer/engineer has full control of the venture and the temporary worker needs to conform to full plan given by the architect. Most reasonable kind of agreement for this strategy is singular amount contract which the value given by the Contractor is fixed and the entire venture is as of now planned and the extent of work is clear and completely point by point. 2-uncertain amount contract technique Under this kind of agreement there will be no plan and it depends on support or fixing ventures. Under this understanding the proprietor and the temporary worker will forthright set up costs for the works and Equipments and markup and so on 3-Design and construct strategy. The term configuration construct alludes to a scope of options in contrast to the conventional undertaking conveyance framework. A valuable method to see configuration manufacture is by what it isn't. Customary structure offer form is a fragmented, consecutive procedure in which the proprietor first agreements With a structure proficient to get ready point by point, reasonable for-development plans and determinations (or Sometimes has them arranged by its in-house engineers), at that point utilizes the itemized plans and Specifications to request serious offers for development, lastly grants the development Contract to the low bidder. Configuration manufacture implies an acquisition procedure wherein both the plan and development of A venture is obtained from a solitary temporary worker. Ordinarily, the plan fabricate contract is granted by some procedure other than serious offering Providing the best worth (in value, highlights, capacities [and] life-cycle costs) In this manner, structure fabricate contrasts from conventional plan offer form in two different ways. To start with, the structure and development segments are bundled into a solitary agreement. Second, the single agreement isn't really granted to the low bidder after serious offering I-Why Design-Build? (Preferences) Potential Cost Savings Configuration manufacture can possibly lessen in general task cost in light of the fact that the structure assemble contractual worker playing out the plan has a superior vibe for the development cost of different other options, Thus can think of a plan that is more affordable to construct and has a motivating force to do as such. Another approach to see this favorable position is that it moves esteem designing cost decrease motivating force After agreement grant (with the contractual worker proposing cost-decrease thoughts and imparting the reserve funds to the proprietor) to pre-grant (with the proprietor appreciating a large portion of the cost investment funds). B. Prior Project Completion Configuration manufacture may bring about prior culmination and inhabitance of the undertaking in light of the fact that there is no Dead time between finishing of structure and beginning of development. Further, the structure assemble Contractor can start development of early periods of the task (for example activation, site utilities, Foundations) before structure of later stages (building envelope, inside parcels, HVAC, electrical) Is 100 percent complete? This procedure now and then is alluded to as quick track. C. Diminished Claims Exposure Configuration assemble wipes out the risk hole. Plan experts can acquire protection inclusion just for careless mistakes and exclusions, and basically all structure contracts limit the planners risk to such. Be that as it may, there can be non-careless blunders and exclusions, which cost the proprietor cash however for which the plan proficient isn't at risk. For instance, a structure proficient may embrace Reasonable subsurface examinations however neglect to identify a stone outcropping that will require extra work. In the customary structure offer form approach, the proprietor warrants the accuracy of the plans and Specifications to the development temporary worker. There can be configuration botches for which the proprietor is obligated to the development contractual worker under the Warranty of rightness however can't move the risk on to the structure proficient. In any event, when the originator is in certainty careless, demonstrating carelessness can be troublesome. The proprietor must acquire an authentication of legitimacy from another structure proficient and afterward demonstrate that the fashioner neglected to satisfy the material expert guideline of care, which requires master declaration. Then again, the contractual worker for the most part can demonstrate there was a deformity in the plans that cost the Contractor cash dependent on actuality declaration alone. Along these lines, the proprietor may need to manage the expense. Configuration fabricate disposes of this hole in light of the fact that the structure offer form substance has nobody however itself to fault For deficient plans and particulars or contrasting site conditions. D. New Technologies Open Contracts for the most part precludes brand-name or model-number determinations except if the Particular records at any rate two brand names and is trailed by the expression or equivalent. This makes it hard for conventional structure offer form to arrive at imaginative, exclusive Items where there might be just one brand-name and no equivalent. Further, replacement of another or equivalent item for a standard item frequently is impracticable Because of the gradually expanding influence. The originator plans the undertaking around flow age Products and replacement of new or equivalent items in the wake of offering can expect amendments to structure, mechanical or electrical parts to suit the new item. Who is going to pay for these wave changes? Configuration assemble settle this issue. The structure construct contractual worker chooses the hardware (directly down to make and model number) and afterward plans the structure around the chose gear, which is an increasingly legitimate approach. Truth be told, the plan assemble temporary worker can in some cases get free structure help from hardware Manufacturers wanting that their new innovations be utilized. E. By and large Project Optimization Configuration offer form can experience the ill effects of sub-enhancement when individual task members enhance their own positions, regularly to the detriment of the general venture. The all out expense to the proprietor of a structure component, for example, the steel outline, incorporates the expense of the designing to decide the necessary steel segments in addition to the expense of the steel. The architect has minimal motivator to utilize a sharp pencil to accomplish the base measure of Basic steel; he advances his own situation by investing just the plan energy important to Ensure that there is sufficient steel to meet gravity and seismic burdens, regularly by utilizing Conservative suspicions that may bring about more steel than should be expected. In this way, the proprietor may get a good deal on configuration yet pay for it in steel. With configuration work, then again, the structure construct substance has a motivating force to utilize the Optimum measure of designing. Up to an extra dollar of building will spare more than one dollars worth of steel, the structure assemble contractual worker will invest the building energy up To the point of unavoidable losses when an extra dollars worth of designing recoveries just a Dollar s worth of steel on the grounds that both the expense of plan and the expense of steel come out of a similar pocket. It is not necessarily the case that plan manufacture brings about unstable or less-safe structures. More (steel, concrete, and so on.) isn't really better. Just indicating additional steel or cement in one spot in light of the fact that the designer doesn't have the opportunity or impetus to ascertain precisely what amount is really required doesn't improve the general execution of the structure. A chain is just as solid as its most vulnerable connection. On the off chance that the proprietor needs a structure with higher floor Loadings, less floor redirection or protection from a greater seismic tremor than required by code, at that point The best approach to accomplish this is by putting that prerequisite on the plan develop element front not by Hoping that the fashioner will toss in some additional steel or cement since the individual in question doesn't have time in the financial plan to utilize a sharp pencil. F.Reduced Administrative Burden Configuration assemble may decrease the managerial weight on the proprietor in light of the fact that there is one requesting, one honor and one agreement to control. G. Prior Cost Visibility The complete expense of the task is obvious prior with configuration assemble. In customary plan offer form, Construction costs are not known until offered opening, and it is conceivable to burn through cash on a structure that the office can't stand to assemble. Very frequently, development offers surpass the financial plan, and the Project must be re-intended to bring it

Telethon FAQs

Telethon FAQs h4 a, h4 a:visited, h4 a:active { font-weight: bold; color: #000; } This Monday and Tuesday, undergrad volunteers banded together in a roomful of Institvte phones to individually congratulate and chat with each of the freshly admitted candidates for the class of 2016. We all stayed longer than wed planned; my hallmate and I swore we would only stop in for a few calls, but ended up making hundreds of calls for over four hours despite our bleeding GPAs and unfinished psets. It was a little like gambling; only one in seven or eight of you guys picked up (shame!), so wed have losing streaks for a while, give up hope, suddenly get a real, live, excited prefrosh and have a great 45 minute conversation, and ride on a high of vicarious prefrosh cheer through the next few voicemails in a vicious cycle. The telethon is a fun tradition that I think brings a really nice personal touch / warm fuzzy feeling to the seemingly heartless process of admissions. When I invited Stephan13 to come volunteer at the EA telethon last year, his face fell and he plaintively said, Anyone can go? I thought the people who called us were, like, special or something. Ironic, then, that he is insanely clever and hardworking, like, oh, I dont know, most people who make it through this place. My calls only made it through to a handful of people, but you seemed really cool! Thanks for your time, bros and girl-bros. With Campus Preview Weekend and enrollment decisions approaching, Id like to share some relevant FAQs I was asked while telethoning, in hopes that theyll be useful for some of the prefrosh we didnt manage to reach. I am trying to decide between MIT and ____. Their campus preview weekends coincide. What should I do? I know a lot of people who had this problem as prefrosh, and while Im not going to say omg we are totally the best thing ever so you should just forget about those other hussies, because you are the best judge of which school is best for you, Im pretty sure that MITs campus preview weekend is (a) the most fun (b) the most revealing about its culture (c) the most differentiated from a normal campus tour. Most campus preview weekends dont differ drastically from a tour besides the scale; you will likely see several more organized student events, talks, and dorms than you would by visiting on any other weekend. CPW is an intense compression of an entire undergrad experience at MIT, minus all the hard work, into three days. Events literally go around the clock; there are never less than five or six events going on at a time, and usually many more, with the exception of five or six hour breaks for sleep in the wee hours of the morning. The entire campus bands together in a concentrated burst of effort to do everything that lies at the intersection of fun and possible, everything they normally do during the year for fun but smushed together at an impossible density. A cappella groups run around serenading you all over campus; East Campus and Random Hall bust out the dewars and make you liquid nitrogen ice cream; every living group has a barbecue at least once a day; every student organization and club shows off demos / breakdances / unicycles / juggles / flies hovercrafts / blows things up at a giant activities fair. Youll glowstick, play underground capture the flag, maybe even play glow-in-t he-dark capture the flag. You may walk through kiddie pools filled with non-Newtonian fluid. Youll meet people you will stay friends with throughout college, even if you decide not go to MIT. Youll talk to tens of metric tons of us. You may even meet a professor you want to do research with. (When I was a prefrosh, I pulled a super lame hack with some other prefrosh I met on the internet.) Youll almost certainly overeat. Remember that there will be food at almost every event, and save room for a few flavors of liquid nitrogen ice cream. More laid-back events involve teaching increasingly obscure math late into the A.M. until all attendees leave or fall asleep, the inevitable MORE FOOD THAN YOUR BODY HAS ROOM FOR, talks by faculty members, open houses with every department, program, and organization on campus, hair dyeing (good luck explaining that to your parents), and several thousand bouncy balls being thrown from a Senior Haus balcony into the courtyard. via flickr Its a little more stressful for us, because we have a lot of logistics to take care of to produce this giant, mostly student-driven welcome to you, on top of normal schoolwork, which we dont get a break on. But we dont really need sleep any more, so whatever. tl;dr  CPW is not just a glorified campus tour; skipping it and stopping through the next weekend will still be informative, but you will find out much more about your future undergraduate community at MIT CPW than you would at any other preview weekend. still tl;dr  come to CPW you will not regret it None of my following FAQ answers will be as exciting as this one. Ever. Sorry. Can I do research freshman year? Like, real research, I dont want to sit around cleaning test tubes all day. I want to run my own project, and also have a pony. You can have all of that except the pony. For reasons unfathomable to me, MIT is stellar at undergrad research. Many, many freshmen do real research as early as their first semester. My next-door neighbor, Martin15, started working in the Drennan Lab fall semester he uses X-ray crystallography to analyze enzyme structures. You can work here in exchange for U.S. dollars or class credits, or you can work abroad. Several of my close friends have done research in Spain via the MISTI program, which extends to twelve other countries. Theres also a program called D-Lab thats geared toward developing countries. Someone could write a hefty treatise on this, but the short answer is: yes, you can do research here without prior experience. The tough part will be finding time. Can I continue pursuing the arts at MIT to insert your own degree of seriousness? In my personal opinion, the MIT admissions process, brutal though it may be, does a great job picking people that are not just good at science but proficient in many areas. People who are good at doing things are not characterized by their ability to nerdily rattle off Science Facts, after all, but by their creativity, love of learning, and work ethic. Im sure you already know this. What Im getting at is that you will likely be able to find a variety of student groups with different commitment levels that suit your needs while you are simultaneously doing Science Things, because more MIT folks than you would expect are really artsy. The usual deluge of examples courtesy of the availability heuristic: my hallmate started doing professional graphic design at age 15 and is currently CTO at a startup even though hes only a sophomore now, my boyfriend is both a full-time web developer and a short film composer, and once I went to a Boston Pops concert and this girl who was in one of my co mpsci classes at the time unexpectedly hopped up on the stage and performed a Mendelssohn concerto with them. MIT has a lot of interesting humanities professors: examples include Junot Diaz (see jkims take on his writing class), Martin Marks, who teaches film music history and composition and serves as the curator for the National Film Preservation Foundation, and Mark Harvey, who is a mild-mannered lecturer by day and a crazy trumpet-playing jazz orchestra leader by night, crazy in only the best of ways, although I still hope he doesnt read this. MITs humanities programs are good, but obviously cant compete with real art colleges. Fortunately, you can cross-register at Harvard, Wellesley, MassArt, or SMFA without paying extra tuition. The surrounding area is also home to Berklee College of Music, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. So, if you venture off campus, you can find lots of non-MIT organizations too. What will dorm life be like? I dont know where Ill fit in! Ahh! Your dorm-placement schedule looks like this: some time this summer: You receive the i3 (Interactive Introduction to the Institvte) videos, which are produced by students in each dorm. Alternatively, you realize immediately after you finish reading this blog post that all of the previous ones are on Youtube, and you marvel at East Campuss roller coaster for a while before being completely confused by Bexleys video. before matriculation: First dorm lottery. orientation: Set up shop in your temp dorm. Every living group throws a billion events so you can get a better sense of dorm / living group cultures. You enter the readjustment lottery, or you decide you made the right initial decision and squat. after orientation: If you were in the readjustment lottery, you move. after readjustment: You move around within your dorm; each floor/section has a distinct culture as well. So dont worry about that just yet youll have a few months after enrolling to figure it all out. MIT sounds great and all, but what if its too difficult? Im just a plain ol high school senior. So were most of us, once. Dont worry, you didnt get admitted on accident. MIT is undeniably very difficult, but freshmen are given the boon of Pass/No Record for a semester, in order to help ease the pressure as they acclimate to the disturbingly rigorous coursework. Itll help to remember that the work is made difficult in order to help you learn more, not because the professors are evil extradimensional creatures who feed upon human suffering. There are also many resources such as office hours, tutors (MIT pays students to tutor other students), structured study groups, and structured freshman programs such as Concourse and ESG. You will also end up organically forming study groups with all of the freshmen in your living group. Basically, if you try to do everything on your own one hour before its due like you did in high school because high school classes were trivial for you, you will fail miserably, and  if you reach out for help, life will be much easier. You will probably still get 20% on your first chem exam and finish the semester with your first C or two, boo hoo, but no one will ever see it and youll do just fine in the grand scheme of things. I elaborate upon freshman academics in graphic detail in this post; you will have plenty of time to figure that out if you do choose MIT. I want to go to MIT for grad school; will going there for undergrad hurt my chances? Even if you end up with the same major that you originally planned, your experiences over the next four or so years will make you a radically different person with different priorities. Grad programs desirability and strengths vary wildly depending on the specific research interests and emotional baggage you leave undergrad with. So its a terrible idea to have your 17-year-old self make decisions for your 21-year-old self. Not to mention that if youre good enough to get into MIT grad school, wellthats pretty damn good. The overall feeling Im painting here, especially with CPW and all, may seem excessively optimistic and idealistic. Nothing is perfect, obviously; tuition is horrendously expensive, the winters are cold, and there will be conflicts and bad classes and quarter-life crises. I think I made the optimal decision in coming here, though, and hopefully all our ramblings can help you figure out if this place is right for you. That is all for now, folks. Feel free to ask more questions in the comments! (Trolls: I know where you live, please refrain.)

Thomas Hobbes And The Enlightenment - 878 Words

Can you imagine America with a monarchy? Can you imagine America with a king? All the power possessed by a single individual. This means that there will be no voting on who should be a leader, but the power goes from one to the other by inheritance. There will be a king fulfilling his role as a supreme leader by surrounding himself with people who will help him govern. This is hard to imagine, but Enlightenment thinkers expressed their opinions on different questions related to this. The Enlightenment was an era from 1600 to 1800. It was a break from strictness of the Catholic Church and a period of intelligence and business growth in Europe. It grew out of the Renaissance, especially humanists. During this era, there were philosophers who were known as Enlightenment thinkers. They thought about two questions. First, are people naturally good or evil? Second, what type of government is best? Thomas Hobbes, an Englishman born in 1588, is one of the Enlightenment thinkers. Hobbes wrote The Leviathan, published in 1651, observing the violence and behavior of people near the end of the English Civil War. He believed that monarchy is the best government. John Locke, another Enlightenment thinker, is an Englishman born in 1632. Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government, published in 11689,expressing his opinions on the â€Å"state of nature† and types of government. He, on the other hand, believed that democracy is the best government. While Thomas Hobbes believed that people areShow MoreRelatedHobbes, Marx, and Shah1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe cold, calculating, and logical brains of Enlightenment thinkers are much different from the emotional, fantasy-loving mind of Romantics. The Enlightenment was an 18th century movement in which rationality and science were placed as the number one things a human could have (Brians). The Enlightenment also propagated the idea equality and liberalism (Brians). Romanticism was an international movement which occurred aft er the Enlightenment during the late 1700s to the mid-1800s (Melani). ItRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pagessubject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenment authors represent two different side of the political spectrum; Locke represents the right wing with his book â€Å"Second Treatise on Civil Government† and â€Å"A Letter Concerning Toleration† and Hobbes representRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment In Frankenstein835 Words   |  4 Pagesworks of individuals during the Age of Enlightenment. Consequently, many of the ideas and theories that were expressed during the Age of Enlightenment are found throughout Shelley’s gothic novel. Furthermore, the Age of Enlightenment impacted the events depicted in Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, such as man’s state of nature, as discussed by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes is considered one of the first major figures of the Enlightenment, and his major argument presented atRead MoreEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 PagesLocke and Thomas Hobbes John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, two English Enlightenment philosophers, were both very influential politically and philosophically despite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas Hobbes was bornRead MoreThe Enlightenments Eras Most Notable Thinkers1684 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Enlightenment was a crucial period in modern history for the simple fact that it engendered some of the thoughts that are directly responsible for contemporary social, political, and religious institutions. This epoch, along with the Renaissance, helped to spur Western Civilization out of the Dark Ages and into contemporary conceptions of modernization. Not surprisingly, this time period is characterized by a number of different seditions and the revolutionary tenets that fueled them which wereRead MoreThe Enlightenment : The Ideas Of The Enlightenment720 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the Enlightenment era, both elite culture and popular culture had influences, philosophers dominating the ideals of the time period. In the eighteenth century, philosophers such as Adam Smith, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean Jacques Rousseau empowered people to think upon their natural rights and sugg ested new ideologies to follow and/or support. Additionally, because of the Enlightenment, the Realist and Neoclassical Art Movement spurred and gathered momentum as artists changed the art scene withRead MoreThe Enlightenment : The Greatest Impact Of The Enlightenment945 Words   |  4 Pageswould be very different if the Enlightenment did not occur in the 18th century. With people like Immanuel Kant, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke, the Enlightenment was one of the most revolutionary events to ever occur. For example, Immanuel Kant explored human experiences, Montesquieu believed that there should be three branches of government, and John Locke believed in the social contract and the ability to own life, liberty and property. The ideas of the Enlightenment drastically changed the worldRead MoreThe American Constitution And The Bill Of Rights1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment was an eighteenth century scholarly development moved in France that had enduring repercuss ions all through Europe and America. Addressing conventional teachings and qualities denoted the Enlightenment; there was a prominent propensity towards independence and accentuation on the thoughts of human advance. The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights are both results of the Enlightenment and thoughts of the philosophes, specifically John Locke. Thomas Hobbes and John LockeRead MoreEssay about European Enlightenment612 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment The enlightenment was the growth of thought of European thinkers in the 1600’s. The spread of enlightenment was a result of the Scientific Revolution during the 1500’s and 1600’s. It resulted as a need to use reason to distribute human laws. It also came about from a need to solve social, political and economic problems. Joseph Priestley and Antoine Lavoisier built the framework for modern chemistry during the enlightenment. Edward Jenner built a vaccine against smallpox, a deadlyRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract597 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosopher, Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract for a clear understanding of the issues. The Social Contract Theory is the basis for the Declaration of Independence and the guiding theories for the Unite States Government as well as many other governments, such as the European Union, England and France, to name a few. The theory is about why people choose to give us some of their rights and powers in order to form a government. That government has a series of purposes. Thomas Hobbes theorized

Counseling Sexually Active Clients with Hiv Essay examples

Lethal Sex: Conditions of Disclosure in Counseling Sexually Active Clients with HIV Elliot D. Cohen, Ph.D. The present HIV pandemic presents challenges for mental health practitioners who, in the course of therapy, sometimes become privy to confidential information about potentially lethal sexual relationships ongoing between the client and one or more uninformed partner(s). In this lecture I will discuss the current professional/legal status of making disclosure in such cases, and my work as an applied professional ethicist in the development, drafting, and defense of a limited rule of disclosure. State statutes typically make it a crime for a person who knows that he or she is HIV positive to engage in unprotected sex†¦show more content†¦In 1995, when the ACA was in the process of revising its code of ethics, I proposed a model rule based on the Hatherleigh article. The ACA adopted the proposed rule with minor changes. This rule, which set precedent for state laws (such as the Florida statute mentioned above) and other professional codes of ethics in c ounseling and psychology (such as the American Mental Health Counselors Association code), permitted disclosure under certain conditions. This rule, which I named the â€Å"Contagious, Fatal Diseases† rule, states, A counselor who receives information confirming that a client has a disease commonly known to be both communicable and fatal is justified in disclosing information to an identifiable third party, who by his or her relationship with the client is at a high risk of contracting the disease. Prior to making a disclosure the counselor should ascertain that the client has not already informed the third party about his or her disease and that the client is not intending to inform the third party in the immediate future. (ACA, B.1.d) In developing and defending the provisions of this rule, I used broad standards of moral conduct from two venerable traditions in ethics: (1) Kantian Ethics and (2) Utilitarian Ethics. According to the Kantian tradition, moral propriety req uires that persons be treated as ends in themselves and notShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemma in Hiv Counselling Cases951 Words   |  4 PagesI have a client whom I know to be HIV positive. I also know that he is sexually active and has not told any of his partners about this. Isn’t it my ethical responsibility to inform someone that he is, in effect, dangerous to others? Even if I am not a counselor, I would not be able to live with the fact that I have such an information and am putting some other life at risk. As a medical doctor, I was also bound by my Hippocrates oath to serve and bring no harm to others, â€Å"I will apply dieteticRead MoreEpidemiology Nur/4081540 Words   |  7 Pagesrespiratory papillomatosis. Human papillomavirus infection is most common among young, sexually active individuals, and it is so prevalent that approximately 75% to 80% of sexually active individuals will become infected in their lifetime (Weaver, 2006). At any given time, approximately 20 million people are infected with genital HPV in the United States. It is estimated that approximately 75% to 80% of sexually active men and women have been exposed to genital HPV (Weaver, 2006). Individuals aged 15Read MoreHepatitis : Symptoms And Symptoms1103 Words   |  5 Pagessustaining immune from further HAV infections, the infections in many cases can be mild. A great majority of people in the world who live in a poor area where there is impoverished sanitation have been infected with this virus. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a sexually transmitted disease, disseminated by contact with infected body fluids, semen, and blood. Conceivably, studies have shown that the HBV virus between humans and apes pinpointed evidence of division between human genotypes A-E from the viruses sampledRead MoreThe Intervention Of Safe Sex And Less Drug Use1411 Words   |  6 Pageseffective enough. From previous research it was stated that â€Å"after the intervention, the amount of protected sexual acts increased for all partners (and especially HIV-negative partners) among participants who received the in-person intervention. Also participants who received the in-person intervention had a larger decrease in the number of HIV-negative partners than did those in the control group (â€Å"Procedural Guide†)†. Unfortunately, I was not able to get an interview with any of the participants becauseRead MoreI Have Always Been An Avid Learner1567 Words   |  7 Pagesstudies in the Social Work Department at Southern University, I volunteered as an HIV/AIDS Peer Health Educator. This is when I developed a keen interest in human sexuality. 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The majority of new HIV transmissions in Thailand have changed from commercial sex to intimate relationships while HIV prevention generally focuses on self protection and universal precaution. In 2003, Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend to integrate HIV preventive measure into routineRead MoreAnalysis of the Psychologys Duty to Warn Essay1960 Words   |  8 Pagesgets noted. A psychologist has a role to play in every client’s life. An example is when a person threatens to transmit HIV and other diseases. It may be illegal in many countries for a person to infect other people with a disease knowingly especially HIV. However, a clinical psychologist should not be obligated to tell the other people of the risk of transmission. The client has a right to confidentiality. Duty to warn got developed when Tarasoff got murdered by a person who had threatened to doRead MoreHIV/AIDS and Women4590 Words   |  19 Pages1. Introduction : 2 2. HIV/AIDS : 2 3. HIV/AIDS and women : 2 4. 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C.Ronaldo and Messi Free Essays

World best soccer players C. Ronaldo and Messi Have you ever watched a game of C. Ronaldo and Messi? Their performances are so outstanding that most of soccer fans would think 21th century is the era of C. We will write a custom essay sample on C.Ronaldo and Messi or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ronaldo and Messi. However, there are big differences between C. Ronaldo and Messi. Firstly, their physical conditions are quite different. C. Ronaldo looks like a movie star. He is very tall and has a firm body like a horse. His inverted triangle line seduces a lot of girls and every man envies his body shape. Tight muscles cover all of his body so that we can feel his power even when he is just standing. In contrast, Messi looks like a dwarf. When he was eleven, he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. So when he stood next to Ronaldo in order to get a prize, he looked humble. And his body is plain and looks like ordinary people. In accordance with the differences in physical condition, their play styles are also different. Ronaldo usually tries to break through defense line with his speed and power coming from his outstanding physical condition. When he is on the dead run, only a few world class defenders can catch up with him. And most of defenders are knocked out by Ronaldo’s wild and strong movement. Furthermore, his shooting is so powerful that he sometimes makes a goal in an incredibly long distance. Messi’s play is very exquisite. Messi developed his own skills to overcome his physical disadvantages. His foot skills are very simple, but no one can stop him because his dribble is so delicate that the ball seems attached to his foot. So whenever defenders tackle him, he easily avoids them and breaks through the defense line like a squirrel. And he prefers accurate shooting to powerful one.. Both C. Ronaldo and Messi are unprecedented soccer players, but they have two distinguishing points, physical condition and play style. In a manner of speaking, it is meaningless to arrange what’s different between them because it is natural that every person in the world has different circumstances and different personality. However people have always been interested in comparing rivals like Superman and Batman, Taegwon V and Mazinga Z. People will always regard Ronaldo and Messi as rivals until they retire. And ‘Who is the greatest soccer player in the world? ’ will be the most interesting question among trillions of soccer fans. People might have different thoughts about who the best soccer player is, but they all would think that it is lucky to watch fantastic plays of Ronaldo and Messi. How to cite C.Ronaldo and Messi, Essay examples

Does Trail By Jury Need Reform Essay free essay sample

Does Trail By Jury Need Reform? Essay, Research Paper Question: How far do you hold with the proposal that test by jury should be radically reformed? ( note this is an English jurisprudence essay ) In the last twelvemonth a figure of legal reforms have been proposed by the current authorities. First there are the Mode of Trial Bills, presently No. 2 is traveling through it? s readings. No.1 failed to do it through the hosiery of Lords. Then there is the Auld study that recommends a extremist restructuring of the tribunal system and cutting down on the figure of instances that are tried by the Crown Court. One country that all of these undertakings seek to reform is test by jury as it is claimed to expensive, open to mistreat and clip devouring for all parties involved. There is no historical right to test by jury. The Magna Carter makes no mention to it, popular misconception non defying. We will write a custom essay sample on Does Trail By Jury Need Reform Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its first happening in a recognizable signifier can be seen the 12th century, during the reign of Henry II. Here the jury consisted of the accused friends and neighbors instead than today? s twelve indiscriminately selected grownups. Previous to this the jury was a Norman convention made up of 12 work forces prepared to curse on curse as to the individuals artlessness. Failure to acquire the twelve work forces confirmed guilt since curses so had a spiritual ardor and no 1 would run hazard of ageless damnation by lying under curse. Trial by ordeal ceased in 1215 after it was condemned by Catholic Pope guiltless III. Trial by conflict, to the decease between accuser and suspect, existed by legislative act at the same clip and was non repealed until 1819. A of import and alone portion of the English legal system is that of drumhead trail by magistrates. In this a panel of, normally, three ballad people hear the instance and make up ones mind on fact, guilt and any penalty. Magistrates account for upwards of 97 % of all judicial hearings today. In 1855 such was the work load of chargeable instances coming before the common jurisprudence tribunals that an act was passed leting such instances to be settled without a jury if the parties agreed to it. This effort to rush up the wheels of justness created the? either manner? instances that are now being blamed for decelerating the same wheels down. Over the following 150 old ages more offenses were added to the either manner list and more instances lost their entitlement to test by jury most of them being civil cases.1 Jury reform is both a popular academic inquiry and 1 that has seen much attending from authorities and royal committees. The last half of the 20th century has seen a figure of reforms of the jury system In brief these are: The first was the leting of bulk finding of facts ( 1967 ) . If a consentaneous finding of fact is non forthcoming the justice may accept a bulk finding of fact with either one or two dissenting ballots depending on the size of the jury at the tests determination stage. 1974 saw the remotion of the belongings making now jurymans could be selected from the grownup voting population between the ages of 18 and 70 topic to a figure of exempt professions. Courts dwelling of a individual justice were introduced into Northern Ireland in the 1970s to counter the job of jury bullying in terrorist instances. These Diplock tribunals exist today. Research into how juries reach their determinations was prevented by the Contempt of tribunal act 1981 The Supreme Court Act 1981specified for what civil instances could a jury could be empanelled and added that in civil instances where there is likely to be complex drawn-out scrutiny of histories, scientific grounds test by jury could be deemed against the best involvement of justness. There are a figure of single countries of jury reform being investigated. These are the jury composing and choice, the right to test by jury and that of perverse finding of facts. Each of these will be discussed in bend below. The juries act 1974 lists contains three parts sketching groups of people whom are either excused of right or ineligible for jury service. Those non on these lists can seek to be excused on evidences of professional or concern loss that would be incurred or household committednesss such as kid attention. An statement against juries s that they can non follow complex statements. If members of the legal profession were eligible for jury service and others of the professional trades non excused on evidences of fiscal loss so the degree of the juries understanding would lift. In New York province, America, everyone can be called to function as a juryman and Judgess A ; attorneies who have done so hold found the experience enlightening. Long complex fraud, calumny or political tests could see a figure of jurymans drop out due to illness or emphasize and go forth the jury below the lower limit of 10 for a crown tribunal test. The curse in of modesty jurymans if justice thinks instance is traveling to travel on for a long clip to could forestall the jury going to little. All jurymans sit in and the panel of 12 is selected at terminal of test. This would affect some change to the jury box but as tribunal edifices are already having refits to upgrade their installations in the jury waiting room the extra break would be minimum. Much of the incrimination for the juries failure to understand fraud instances is laid on the Serious Fraud Office and its inability to show the grounds in an apprehensible format non on an deficiency of intelligence of the jury. In England the defense mechanism has no right to object to jurymans this being lost in 1988 despite there being no grounds that it was being abused to lade a jury. Although the prosecution has retained theirs. Occasionally the jury will be vetted if there is danger of media induced prejudices adversely impacting the equity of a trail. The issue of race ever arises when discoursing juries. The jury is predominately white and those of other tegument tones consider that they will non acquire a just trail. Cultural minorities are partially underrepresented by their failure to register as electors with 13 % of those from the Indian sub-continent and a one-fourth of all other minorities non registering. Both the Runciman and Auld studies suggest that the jury could be loaded to include three members of cultural minorities with one of these from the suspects race if it is likely that race is traveling to be a major issue in the test. Although non a race issue the Welsh linguistic communication besides causes complications. In the princedom legal proceedings can be conducted in Welsh instead than English. However few in Wales really speak the linguistic communication. Canada [ still ] has a similar job with proceedings for Gallic talkers and besides the native Inuit linguistic communication. Where a prospective juryman is clearly unable to understand sufficient English the prosecution should utilize their right to? stand by? the juryman. The defense mechanisms peremptory challenge was abolished in 1988 because statically more instances were acquitted where the defense mechanism used this right than when they did non. The right of election in either manner instances was established in 1855. It was nevertheless a right granting of drumhead trail by magistrate and non the gaining of a right to drag by jury as modern oppositions of trail by jury are stating or as the MP for Montgomery put it? the Soviet-style revising of history? .2 The proposed Mode of test ( No.2 ) measure is designed to cut down the figure of either manner instances that go to the crown tribunal. It argues that the bulk of suspects plead guilty when they reach the crown tribunal. This figure ignores those who are acquitted and disregards to advert that frequently the CPS will down rate the original charges to something less terrible, hopefully, giving a better opportunity of strong belief. The logical thinking behind the measure says that suspects choose the crown tribunal because they think that a jury is more likely to assoil them,3 it delays the prison sentence or at least allows some of it to be served in more comfort while expecting trail. Presently 80 % of either ways elect to be summarily tried by the magistrates. Of those who go to the crown tribunal on 2 in 7 are the defendant elections the staying five are directed at that place by the magistrates. The chief compliant against fring the right to elect which tribunal the suspect is tried is that magistrates one time they have decided on guilt can mention the instance to the crown tribunal for condemning where they consider their sentencing powers insufficient. This is at odds with the authoritiess projected benefit that a individual non holding a test by jury will non acquire the stronger crown tribunal imposed sentence and makes a jeer of? 66 million economy caused by the shorter tutelary magistrate imposed sentencing. No affair what tribunal the suspect should, with the consent of the tribunal, elect to be tried by justice entirely without a jury. On history of extremely proficient grounds or necessitating an account of the opinion which would uncover any errors and open the manner for entreaty. But is non this making the same pick that started the whole? either manner? issue in the first topographic point? Will in another 150 old ages the facts be presented to connote that there was neer any right to drag by jury Occasionally the jury will return a finding of fact that the justice and prosecution is non happy about ; these are known as perverse finding of facts by others as pious bearing false witness. Paragraphs 99-108 of the Auld study recommends that? legislative acts should be put in topographic point declaring that juries have no right to assoil in rebelliousness of the jurisprudence? . It should besides foster recommend that the brass plaque reverencing the jury of the 1670 Bushell instance, where it was established the jury as the exclusive finder of fact and could give a finding of fact harmonizing to their scruples, be removed and hidden off someplace. Auld ( paragraphs 66-67 ) goes on to state that the prosecution should hold a right of entreaty if the jury return a perverse finding of fact which is perchance a breach of the dual hazard regulation. However the Judgess of today must retrieve that it was their predecessors who helped created the tendency for perverse finding of facts in the early 1800s. A noteworthy illustration being Lord Mansfield who directed a jury to under value a bangle to convey its value below 40 shillings and therefore avoid the decease punishment. When the suspect protested that the bangles manner value entirely was more Mansfield replied? God forbid, gentleman, we should hang a adult male for manner entirely? . 4 If the intent of the jury if it is to entirely to happen fact and make up ones mind on point of jurisprudence so the best policy would be to trash the adversarial system and travel to an inquisitorial 1 that determines all the facts and all the points of jurisprudence as opposed to merely those elements that the attorneies choose to uncover. Or to inquire, as American tribunals can really on occasion do, for a particular finding of fact where the jury decide the facts and present these to the justice who decides on jurisprudence, guilt and sentence. Lord Devlin stated that trail by jury is non so much an instrument at acquiring at the truth as a procedure to guarantee that no guiltless individual is convicted. 5 The legal profession serves the jurisprudence. The jurisprudence nevertheless serves the populace. ? ? Law is derived from and is an look of society? s morality? In the absence of moral committedness to back up it, jurisprudence ceases being portion of society? .6 Society is supposed to act upon the jurisprudence by the nature of the authorities they elect in. However as both major parties are trying to out place each other by acquiring tougher on offense the lone topographic point where the populace can truly act upon the jurisprudence is from the jury box. If the jurisprudence does non reflect the norms of society the jury will interpret facts, in their ain head, such that the jurisprudence suggested by the justice is non applicable to the instance before them Though it is unlikely the jury may hold read the undermentioned transition by a instead celebrated author on law ? a individuals may be punished if, and merely if, he has voluntarily done something morally incorrect ; secondly, that his penalty must in some manner lucifer, or be tantamount of, the evil of his offense? taking to? what kind of behavior may be punished? ? , ? How badly? ? , and? What is the justification for the penalty? Hart, HLA. Punishment A ; Responsibility p230 Could it be that the jury is using the spirit of the jurisprudence and non the missive. The legal profession is construing harmonizing to the actual regulation but the jury knows merely, instinctively, of the aureate regulation? The jury has entire freedom to make up ones mind. More in fact than the Law Lords for, despite the 1966 pattern statement, they are still bound by rule of stare decisis. Lord Halsham summed this state of affairs up in 1967? to make justness harmonizing to the jurisprudence as it is, and non harmonizing to the province of personal businesss as they wish it to be? .7 Who so proceeded to project his ballot against his declared moral place. It is slightly unusual that as trail by jury is get downing to look in former Eastern axis states and is being reintroduced into Spain and perchance Japan for a limited figure of instances that its usage in England where it originated is worsening. The Government claims that attorneies see the loss of trail by jury as a menace to their incomes nevertheless the entreaty procedure against a magistrates determination to perpetrate the instance to summary trail offers many chances for entreaties and challenges in a whole new field Justice is being seen, by the authorities, as a merchandise ; the disposal of which is being redesigned to be every bit efficient as possible. The design of the legal system has ever been to maintain the greatest bulk of instances heard in the magistrates where they can be processed rapidly and cheaply. With the complexness of instances increasing it is clip to drop such a mathematical attack to justness. If the tribunals can non get by with the volume of instances in a timely manner so the setup of justness should be expanded non its mechanics changed. Trail by jury should non be sold for a better bottom line in the legal systems histories FootnotesThe civil instances that are still entitled to drag by jury are fraud, distortion of character, and two others Hansard 27 Feb 1997 Column 436 In 2001 juries acquitted 25 % of instances compared with 17 % in 1997. Hypertext transfer protocol: //WWW.LAWTUTORSONLINE.CO.UK/NEWS.HTM 2/12/01 Is our jury system so perverse, The Observer October 14, 2001 HTTP: //WWW.OBSERVER.CO.UK? COMMENTS? STORY? 0,6903,573601,00.HTMLKalven and Zeisel, 1966, p190 cited in Justice Democracy and the Jury James p13 Emile Durkin cited in SWOT Jurisprudence pp130-138 Cited in The New British PoliticsBibliographyBerlins, B and Dyer, C ( 2000 ) The Law Machine. 10th Edition. Penguin Budge, I. ( 2000 ) The new British Politicss. 2nd Edition. Longman Cracknel, D G. ( 1994 ) Cracknell? s Statutes English Legal System. Old Bailey Press Gobert, J. ( 1998 ) Justice, democracy and the Jury. Dartmouth Printing Hart, HLA. ( 1968 ) Punishment A ; Responsibility. Oxford University Press Lawtutors ( 2001 ) News update Randel, M ( 2001 ) Is our jury system so perverse. The Observer October 14th Wacks, R. ( 1990 ) , SWOT Jurisprudence. 2nd Edition, Blackstone Press. Wilson, S R. ( 1996 ) SWOT English Legal System. 3rd Edition, Blackstone Press.