Lifelong Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lifelong Learning - Essay Example It may be present at birth or have been caused by any kind of trauma or sickness. The consequences involve a lag between the affected person’s traits or abilities and the standard aptitudes. Some causes are nutrition problems, brain injury, and drug abuse. Regarding diagnosis, the symptoms commonly appear within infancy stage. Delays in the different developmental stages must first be referred to specialists such as pediatricians. One of the tests usually employed in diagnosing is Battelle Developmental Inventory (Hughes, 2012). Different skills like communication, motor, and adaptive are evaluated. The findings should also be confirmed by several experts. Early intervention is crucial in overcoming or lessening the severity of delays. Therapies are usually more helpful if utilized promptly. For instance, as much as 50% of children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders) can be ready for inclusive education due to early intervention (Blessing, 2012). Common therapies are physical , occupational, and speech. Other kinds of therapies that may be useful are play, music, water, and many others. The main priorities for intervention are the main aspects in a person’s development such as physical, cognitive, communication skills, social and emotional, as well as self-help and independence skills. Plans of actions are established to cater to the milestones in the different areas like eating independently, completing puzzles, having basic vocabulary or sign language, identifying emotions, and walking up and down the stairs. The progress in the aforementioned dimension will significantly help the child adapt to the general challenges in the society. The government has educational programs conceptualized for learners with specific needs. â€Å"Young children who qualify for special education are entitled to free, appropriate, public education (FAPE)† (p.5). Moreover, a least restrictive environment (LRE) is provided to maximize learning. Hence, exceptiona l learners can study at home or in other community areas where they can comfortably study. Appropriate learning aids are also used in respect to their availability in the community. For instance, a tutor may visit the home and coordinate with other kinds of service providers. The progress will be then regularly reported to the family and other individuals involved. Furthermore, the Individualized Education Program or IEP and Individualized Family Service Plan or IFSP are used to fit the curriculum to the child. This way, children with unique ways of learning will have optimal support and opportunity to improve. Furthermore, there are services for the young exceptional learner. Early intervention services must be coordinated with the other staff providing assistance. One of the most common services is â€Å"Head Start†. It benefits children from financially disadvantaged standings (Hardman, 2011). It was originally founded in 1965 as a summer school that intended to help child ren cope with their academics. The program expanded over the years. At present, head start offers scholarships to deserving children with special needs. There are also non-government organizations that are active in providing service. Most assistance is grounded on inclusion and self-empowerment. The goal of the groups is not just to give support but to also guide the children to help themselves. Day services otherwise known as day centers provide preparation life

Skills for Project Leadership and Team Building

Skills for Project Leadership and Team Building ABSTRACT This report is based on project leadership and team building i.e. PLTB. The various skills required for PLTB, human resources needs and challenges in PLTB and the role of PLTB in adding the value to the project management scenario. The implementation of self directed teams into the project management has been increased and has replaced the traditional manufacturing ways. According to many experiments done, self directed teams provide the performance effectiveness to the organization. For a successful project management, the organization has to define various key performance contributors like selection of team, clear project objectives, innovation and the commitment of the project team members. All the four aspects are important for the success of any project. First of all the concepts like project management, product life cycle, team building, human resource development theories and innovation for team building are discussed. After that a case study RL Wolfe, a pipe manufacturer, has been taken and the impact of implementation of self directed teams on the organization is discussed. Further the recommendations and conclusion are made. INTRODUCTION The scenario today has changed to a kind of frame where the self direction, self motivation are the main concerns. The project management if understood in simple words is nothing but the set of stages where the each stage has got the equal importance. The success of a project is mostly dependent on the project manager or project leader because the leader will have to make the goals, get the employees together and make them as a team and ultimately guide them till the end. The team selection or building team in itself is a very tedious and intelligent task because it is always very difficult to understand the capabilities and hidden qualities of the employee and the way to use it for the project. The cross-cultural conflicts are also to be dealt with in order to confirm the success of the project The report will include the necessary the practical, theoretical and empirical examples to support the statement of the report. The report will be guided with the help of relevant case studies as well wherever needed. MAIN BODY Project Management The project management does not simply means to execute a certain job, rather it is set of activities one followed after the other and in some cases it some activities are not even in the to do list but are instant and demand for prompt response. The project management is supposed to be the set of activities which includes the planning, initiating, monitoring and finishing the project. This is basically the art to get the work done form the various elements involved. As Peter Drucker once said that management is doing the things right, leadership is doing right things, this means there has to be a proper balance in the management and leadership. As it has been a matter of debate since the beginning that what the difference between the leader and manger is, can a manager be a leader or vice-versa. The trait theory has said that there are certain traits which decide whether the particular person is a leader or not and it can be concluded from other theories as well that there are certa in traits which are innate and some qualities can be learnt with the experience over the period of time. A per Lock D (2007:8), Project management has got one purpose to foresee or predict as many dangers and problems as possible and to plan, organise and control activities so that the projects are completed successfully in spite of all the risks. He has also argued further that the role of a project manager is to justify his/her existence by satisfying the stakeholders by cost cutting and successful ending. There has to be particular model for the particular project but general there are the following steps: Integration Scope Time Cost Quality Human resource Risk Communication Procurement The project leadership is the point which is there to direct and control the task. The leaders are always gaining the trust; there is a relation of trust between the leader and followers. This point is justified by the lecture given by Murray Johannsen that managers are the one which are having the subordinates to help them or to listen to them whereas the leaders have the followers. The difference here lies in the way to get the work done. It is pertinent to mention the fact a follower will never feel uneasy to do any task given by leader but a subordinate will always find the faults in the managers work. This is the basic human tendency which the leaders always win upon. The project management is also further defined as Project management is a set of principles, methods, tools, and techniques for the effective management of objective-oriented work in the context of a specific and unique organizational environment Knutson, J. Bitz, I., (1991:2). The common methods used for achievin g the targets are PERT, CPM. The main logic of using the scientific methods for project management is to minimize the risk factor and be competitive. The project leadership is a very important in todays market place because the team building has grown very critical. The one most important thing is that the project leader should use empowerment and let the employees take some crucial decisions. It has been demonstrated through several scholarly researches that the most important and valuable concept in self directed teams is of empowerment. Empowerment in simple manner can be understood as gaining the power by giving away the power or authority. As per a web source, according to Harvey, L, (2004-9) Empowerment is a continuous process comprising a series of conscious steps taken by individuals to gain access resources; to better express and defend their rights and in the process. Empowerment is not about wresting power from an individual or group of individuals and handling it over to another. It is the means to an end, not an end in itself. Also, the time does not allow today to give the reaction after the action, rather the projec t leader should be proactive in nature and should try to foresee the changes and should form a team which always gives critical remarks. This will ultimately help in the successful completion of the project. As it has been quoted several a times that leadership is ultimately held responsible for the things. This is also supported by the article of Dr. Keith Mathis where he says Everything rises and falls on leadership. This quote is especially true in running successful projects. You must have strong leadership, or things fall through the crack. Every individual must be committed to do what they say they will do. Source: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/six-ways-to-give-proper-project-leadership.html Cited on: 25/03/2011 Project Life Cycle The diagram below shows the four common stages of the Project life cycle: Source: http://www.onestopsap.com/images/project-lifecycle-v2.jpg Cited on: 20/03/2011 As per westland, J., 2007 the four stages can be understood as following along with their relevance: Within the initiation phase, the business problem or any conflict or risk or opportunity is found and further a solution is found. This is followed by the team building. In Project Planning, is all about creating a framework, assigning duties and taking care of risk issues. In project Execution, the plan is followed upon, the various measures are employed and it is checked whether some alteration is needed or not In project Closure, included the final derivates to the end consumers in the desired format, some lessons are learnt for the future form eth experience of the whole project. Now this particular concept has to be related to the self directed teams and the team should be well aware of all the steps. The advantage of using self directed team is clearly understood in the case study of R L Wolfe the pipe manufacturer company, which has employed it in 2004 and the results were seen very soon. The self directed teams are nothing but the Self directed teams SDT are natural work groups. Each SDT is responsible for a business process that delivers a product or service to an internal or external customer. Each SDT manages its business is continued improvements for the success of the business are the measurements of its performance. (Wentz, 1998, p. 59) There is one more thing that counts a lot in terms of the success of project i.e. Project Initiation Document (PID). This is a kind of checklist which reminds of the certain things to be upright at all times which includes the controlling of risk factor, budget factor, deviation control and human factor control. The project leadership should always keep in mind the critical success factors. Let us understand this with an example from the real estate field. While launching a new project there are several things that can make it a success or sell it at a faster pace. The project manager should employ some special people for the particular projects because the word of mouth marketing plays a vital role in real estate. The flexibility of the prices and the total expenses on the marketing should be kept in mind along with the break even points. The another example can be thought of electronic gaint SONY, whenever SONY launches any new product in the market it has still got the beats and sound system because that is its USP. Scenario of the Question Now in this particular section this will be discussed that why the company has hired the group of consultants. On a very simple logical note this can be thought of if the company is working properly why will it be hiring any consultants. Now the situation here arises that: there might be some change or a new project, which is scheduled to be taken place There is some conflict in the company which needs to be care of The company is working fine but it wants to be more competitive because the competitors are more solid on the balance sheets Also, this can be the case that there are some aspects in the company which can be useful for cost cutting, but the company is not having any expertise on that matter. As per the scenario it is clear here that the company which is of concern here has recognized some of the facts which are related to the human resource management and development and more specifically to the team building. Here the company thinks and it is logical as well to think that team selection, clear objectives and innovation are key success factors. The company is now moving forward and is ready to invest on the human resource aspect. As said above that the consultants are the group of people which have different expertise, but in this case more of them will be form the team building or human resource management side. Now the consultants here will work to form the self directed teams and to train them in the specific context for the success of project. The term which is meant to define is self directed teams, it simply means the group of people working together in order to achieve something on the similar platform but are much focussed and self driven and self motivated. Normally when there is a team of consultants it includes the people of various expertises like from marketing, sales, finance, operations management etc. so in this scenario as well there will be different expertise working together because the project management calls for collective effort of the human resource Team Building Now here comes the main part of the report and the role of consultants. The team building or getting some people along to work is a very tedious task. The reason for this is that the different people have got the different backgrounds, learning, roles or simply speaking the postionality of every individual is very different. The conflict management and cross cultural management is the key factor for the success of the project. The effective leadership has to take care of this, especially in this case. The company should always take care of all the issues related to the employees, the relation with the employees is the one which needs to be managed. For example, if someone in the morning feels sad about going to the office, that employee cannot be an asset for the company; rather the company should try to make him so enthusiastic that every morning the employees should be willing to go the office. There have been several theories on this that what can motivate an employee or what can foster in to the employee the zeal to work and achieve. Malows Need Hierarchy Theory This model has been a very famous and well applied as far as the needs and motivation factors are concerned for the team building. This should always be kept in mind while team building by the project leadership. For example, a small monetary gift cannot be the motivation for the upper management but is a too much appreciation for the lower grade employees. Source: http://www.businessballs.com/images/maslow%27s_hierarchy_businessballs.jpg Cited: 25/03/2011 Herzbergs Two Factor Theory This theory states that motivation and job satisfaction are the factors which if taken care of can result in a very good team building. The project leadership should take well care of the factors that cause satisfaction and which cause dissatisfaction. There are some hygiene factors, which are not the exact satisfaction factor but their absence will cause some de-motivation like fringe benefits, salary hikes and all. HRD/HRM Theories Now comes another step in the project management is that how to get the proper people for the project. The project leadership should take this thing very carefully otherwise it can result in a disaster. The human resourcing and team building also shows the efficiency of the project leader in ensuring the project. In building the right team it should be taken care of that there is proper communication channel upwards and downward so that the information is exchanged. The objectives and goals are properly inculcated into the team members in to be truly efficient and effective. This can be understood with the example of sports as well. The way the Australian have led their team since last 7-8 years has been marvellous. This has become a case study for the students in various schools. The attitude, response and responsibility have all been the strong killing points of the team. To play and end a series is same as to execute a project. There has to be proper strategy that how to play whic h players to use, what strategy to employ including everything else. The Austrian team has been famous for the mind game, to handle the pressure and the as the real warrior. The captain and coach in this case work as the project leader and help the whole team to win. They are the people who decide that which bowler to use and how Now other responsibility of the project manager or leader is to manage the change. The concept which is very important to be taken care of is the change in technology because there is a foremost characteristic of the employee to resist the change but it has to be implemented for ensuring the successful project management. Hence it is pertinent to mention here that a team of consultants should always comprise of the people from several fields having the proven expertise because this will certainly help the project to in the end. This thing is supported by the diagram given here that how the various tasks are allotted to various people in the team in order to maintain the accountability. Source: http://www.fieldsrecruitment.com/media/img/team_structure.gif Cited on: 21/03/2011 The team structure depends from project to project but the team should be built in accordance to the project needs. The fresh talent should always be mixed with the experienced talent. Innovation in Project Management and Leadership for Team Building Team Building is a very critical task for the management as it involves getting people along to work together for a particular goal, of different backgrounds, beliefs, religions etc. Team building is main key factor for the success of any project and for a good leadership. Hence there is a need for continuous innovation and positive changes in the project management for the successful achievement of the project objectives and leading a team in a better way. The innovation can be operational innovation, management innovation, product service innovation and strategic innovation. Innovation is front and center on the corporate agenda, according to a global survey. Executives are adding more breakthrough innovations and business model changes to their portfolio to fuel the growth engine. (Business Week, November 16, 2009). The innovation process into project management and leadership starts with the setting up the stage and defining the concepts and objectives. Then the opportunities ar e discovered by understanding the needs of the employees. After finding out the opportunities, the ideas are developed. The forth step involves the conversion of the ideas into actual operations. Finally the commercialization of the innovation ideas is done i.e. the success rate, financial impact transition etc. of the ideas. Various innovation theories can be used in project management and leadership for team building. Diffusions of innovation theory has four main elements i.e. innovation, communication channel, time and social system. Diffusion is a special type of communication that helps a team in spreading the messages within the time limit that pursue the new ideas for team building. The innovation in project management and leadership for team building can involve implementation of new ideas for the improvement in motivation and satisfaction level of employees, implementation of an effective leadership style is also important like entrepreneurial leadership, creative leadership or transformational leadership, removing any kind of discrimination developed into the minds of employees etc. Hence innovation plays an important role in the development of a team and success of any project. Case Study In this section the company profile will be studied and the main components of the statement of the question with reference to the company. Company Name RL Wolfe RL Wolfe is a plastic pipe manufacturing company having head quarter in Houston, Texas. The company has a net worth of $350 million. PAST In 2003, when RL Wolfe purchased Moon Plastics which was a small family owned business of customs plastic manufacturer in Corpus Christi, they found an opportunity to implement the concept of self directed teams into their new plant. Surprisingly after the implementation of self directed teams, their reports show around 40% improvement in their productivity and quality of the products as compared to their traditional way of manufacturing products as self directed teams increases the motivation and satisfaction level of employees. John Amasi, the director of production and engineering at RL Wolfe, was the one who suggested the idea of the implementation of self directed teams to the organization. In 2007, an assessment took place for the evaluation of the implementation of self directed teams. And again the productivity level was 82% higher than the other RL Wolfes Columbus and Austin plants but still they have to achieve a target of 95%. RL Wolfe used to have three shifts per d ay of eight hours each. In traditional manufacturing way, the work was divided among the foreman, production operators, line operators, downstream technicians, loaders and finished material handlers. PRESENT John Amasi has planned for the Corpus Christi Experiment i.e. he is planning to get an approval from the board of directors for a long sought concession in health care coverage for increasing the commitment and satisfaction level of employees that further increases the productivity level. Also due to the implementation of self directed teams, the organization is achieving 95% or more design capacity. The leadership style also plays a positive role in productivity level as more than 80% decisions were taken at the ground level by the line operators or material handlers through the directions given by the coordinator. The implementation of SDTs divided the work among two parts i.e. technicians and line operators or material handlers. PROBLEMS -The assessment done in 2007 i.e. after 4 years of implementation of self directed teams, exposed few problems along with the increased productivity. The implementation of self directed teams provides ongoing tensions to the technicians as the technicians provide the engineering oversight and it is the duty of technician to ensure the workings according to the plans made. Evaluating the performances of the employees is another problem faced due to the implementation of self directed teams. It is only the performance evaluation that shows the positive and negative aspects of implementation of any new ideas or practices. The assessment shows a decrease in absenteeism level for first and second shift while there is no change in the third shift i.e. the night shift. Many employees are not interested in doing the management type work and hence their satisfaction decreases. It also leads to labour turnover as the manager level employees have assigned the lower level jobs under sel f directed teams and hence they demoralize and leave the organisation. Recommendations for the problems faced in Self Directed Teams No doubt that innovation, self directed teams, clear objectives and commitment of employees leads to team building and better project management. The implementation of self directed teams is increasing in todays organizations over the traditional ways of handling teams as its implementation has shown tremendous project effectiveness. Along with the advantages, self directed teams have few disadvantages as well. These problems have in the above paragraph. For minimizing the negative impact of self directed teams, various measures can be taken. As many employees cant take the management workload, hence the employees should first get scheduled for their own work load and assignments and then further management work can be given to them. Slowly, over a period of time further responsibilities can be transferred to the employees under self directed teams. To decrease the absenteeism and employee turnover because of the dissatisfaction from the type of work given, the employees should be as ked first that what type of assignments they would like to do and according the work should be divided. An implementation of self directed teams increases the employee skills and employees motivation level which further increases the productivity and quality of products and services. The implementation of SDTs without considering the various aspects like effective planning requirements, training needs, coordination with the organization etc. put an adverse impact on the performance of the organization. The cost of implementation of SDTs is quite very high and the organization has to make special budget for the same. Also time to time evaluation is important for knowing the progress of the organization. CONCLUSION Project Leadership and Team Building add value to the success of project management. Various factors affect project management like leadership style, innovation, coordination, methods of team building etc. Leadership and team building are the two most important factors that affect the project success. Many surveys and experiments have proved that Self Directed Teams contributes to the effectiveness into the performance of an organization. This effectiveness is in terms of higher productivity, higher quality, employee satisfaction, team effectiveness, cost effectiveness etc. From the case study of RL Wolfe, it is very clear that adaptation of self directed teams is very helpful in success of any project but again its impact on the organization cannot be ignored.

Kate Chopin The Storm Essay -- essays papers

Kate Chopin The Storm Kate Chopin: "The Storm" Kate Chopin lived from 1851 until 1904. She was born Katherine O'Flaherty and was raised in post- Civil War St. Louis by parents who were on the upper end of society. She married Oscar Chopin, moved to New Orleans, and had six children. After her husband died, Chopin moved back to St. Louis to start her writing career at age 33. She incorporated many taboos about literature into her writing. Some of these taboos were female sexuality, struggles, and triumph over the stereotypes that had been placed on them over the centuries. She was a very popular writer until 1898 when she wrote about even more controversial issues in Awakening. Many people felt that her views were very feminist and her previously loyal fans quickly rejected her writings, causing her to not attempt to write anything more. Chopin's short story, "The Storm," shows the reader some of the controversial issues she wrote about. It was written in 1898 and was one of the last stories that she wrote before Awakening. It tells of the struggles of one woman to find happiness and excitement in her everyday life. The reader really does not get much information on the relationship at the beginning of the story, but one can imagine that it was becoming monotonous and boring. The title itself lets the reader know that this storm is the result of a long chain of events that have built up over time, like a thunderstorm in the middle of the summer comes after many long days of intense heat. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss the events that lead to the apex of the 'storm,' the consequences that follow the decisions that are made, and how this short story could be seen as feministic. The beginning of the s... .... He is a fool and doesn't see that she 'played' him and used him to satisfy one of her desires. This story could be seen as feministic for many reasons. The way that Calixta disregards her responsibilities to her husband and son and goes after what she wants is a great example of this. Also, she doesn't get caught, had some fun, and her marriage wasn't ruined. This is an example of how Chopin felt that women should take control of their lives and change them if they aren't completely happy. Kate Chopin was a great writer who wasn't truly appreciated until years after her death. However, her views and ideas are still relevant in today's society. I also commend her for expressing her views and feelings even though she knew that the public would disagree with her. It is a shame that she was not recognized during her life as the great writer that she was.

Barilla Spa Case Study

Barilla SpA (Barilla), is an Italian largest pasta manufacturer in the world manufacturer that sells pasta to retailers largely through third-party distributors. Barilla has been facing huge variability in demand which is straining the manufacturing and distribution network of the company. This fluctuation in demand, are forcing the CDCs to maintain a higher level of inventory. The proposed new system, Just-In-Time Distribution (JITD), is the solution suggested to resolve the demand fluctuation issues and lower costs.This new process would move forecasting and shipment allocation responsibilities to Barilla rather than allowing each distributor/retailer place the order amounts separately. This approach has both internal and external complications as there is much resistance from both within the company and from the suppliers and distributors. Implementing the JITD is a good idea for a number of reasons.This will streamline the information flow, reduce uncertainty in demand , reduce t he lead time, and decrease both finished and raw material inventory, thus making the system efficient and reducing the overall cost. A good plan would be for Barilla to start by running a pilot test within its own depot then with 1 or 2 distributors and  use the results of the test regarding the cost savings and improvement in supply chain efficiency to convince other distributors about how beneficiary will be to all by implementing JITD.ISSUE IDENTIFICATIONImmediate issue:The main issue in this case is the fluctuating demand imposed on Barilla’s manufacturing and distribution system. Once this is brought under control, many other problems will be solved. These following are some of the causes of this fluctuating demand that must be addressed: Demand fluctuations (Bullwhip effect)Cost of having to hold high inventory in order to meet distributor’s order Transportation costBarilla’s sales strategy relied heavily on the use of promotions Long Lead timeCustomer s ervice.Higher overall warehouse and transportation costsSales Representatives Incentives based on the amount of the products that they sold to the distributorsISSUE IDENTIFICATION & ROOT CAUSE Demand fluctuations (Bullwhip effect)As the 1980s progressed, Barilla has been facing huge variability in demand essentially affecting dry products, such extreme demand fluctuation strained the manufacturing and distribution network of the company (see Exhibit 12) Cost of having to hold high inventoryThis fluctuation in demand and the difficulty of the manufacturing process to deal with fast-track orders are forcing the CDCs to maintain a higher level of inventory in order to meet distributor’s order. â€Å" A distributor warehouse held a two- week supply of Barilla dry products in inventory†. (see Exhibit 13) Reduce the number of SkusTransportation costThe greater number of trucks that it required in periods of high demand increased its Transportation costs. Barilla’s sal es strategy relied heavily on the use of promotions In the form of price, transportation and volume discountsLong Lead timeBarilla supplied its distributors between 8 and 14 days after it received their orders, the average lead-time being 10 days. Customer service Barilla has no visibility when it comes to plan and forecast in order to meet the customer demand. Higher overall warehouse and transportation costsThe fluctuation demand may lead to overtime shifts in order to meet the demand, higher inventory of raw materials and frequent capacity adjustments, as well as higher transportation costs which all increase the overall cost of the product. Sales Representatives Incentives based on the amount of the products that they sold to the distributors. This was causing problems as the sales reps would try and push more products during the promotional period to get a bonus and were not able to sell as much during non-promotional periods.ALTERNATIVES AND OPTIONThe proposed new system, Just -In-Time Distribution (JITD), is one solution I suggest to resolve the demand fluctuation issues and lower costs. PROS:1- Resolve the demand fluctuation that often lead to the bullwhip effect. 2- Offer additional service to the customer at no extra cost 3- Increase supply chain visibility and there by fewer stock outs 4- Reduce forecasting errors5- Lower cost of capital tied up in inventory 6- Improve customer service 7- Improve the information flow, 8- Reduce the lead time 9- Decrease both finished and raw material inventory, thus making the system efficient and reducing the overall cost. CONS:1- Heavy Investment in information technology in order to implement the JITD program 2- The internal resistance to the JITD system, comes from the  production, sales and marketing divisions and the top management. The production division is concerned about the lack of a sophisticated forecasting system in order to properly use the data received from the distributors in an efficient way. The sales representatives are concerned about their compensation, they will lose their incentives, because the sale will be predictable or flat and their responsibilities will be minimized under the new mode of operation.The top management will be concerned about the added responsibility of predicting demand on Barilla without any guarantee of cost reduction. 3- The external resistance comes from the distributors and retailers. They will be concerned about the loss of control in deciding their inventory levels. The JITD system gives more power to Barilla which may be looked on with doubt by some distributors who are not sure about the long term intentions of Barilla.These distributors expressed concerns about becoming too tight to Barilla and fearful of losing control by giving Barilla the power to push products into their warehouse just so they Barilla can reduce its costs. 4- Difficulty to run trade promotions with JITD which may push the customer to switch to another brand. 5- Custo mer need to improve their equipment ( computer, bar-code, scanner..) 6- Customer will have to share their sales data with Barilla on a daily basis in order to insure replenishment 7- Loss of control in deciding their inventory levelsRECOMMENDATIONS1- Eliminate or reduce the promotional discounts to customers because it leads to demand accumulation and a release during the promotion period. 2- Volume discounts to distributors should be reduced or eliminated for the same reasons highlighted above. 3- Barilla should also move to a new compensation for sales representatives, they should be rewarded on company performance not on their own. Their responsibilities and relationships should be closer to distributors and retailer in order to improve and insure Barilla’s customers satisfaction. 4- The distributors will have to be offered collaboration incentives in order to keep them on board 5- Keep the assessment period the same but stagger the end dates for these periods over sales r epresentatives to smooth out demand fluctuations.IMPLEMENTATIONHow to effectively implement JITD at Barilla? And When?1- Start by running a test pilot within its own depot then with few distributors and use the results to convince the internal and external resistance on how the new program will reduce dramatically their cost. and improve supply chain efficiency. 1- Collaborative Planning: Barilla and the distributors can work as a team and plan on different issues. 2- Manage the demand: Barilla should not only forecast demand but also should try to shape and influence it by marketing using surveys to determine the needs and expectations of the consumers and designing products to satisfy them.3- Gather information from point of sale: This model has been successfully implemented in Wal-Mart’s distribution system. However Barilla will have to improve its relationship with retailer and that will involve a costly investment as the retailer doesn’t have the computer to commu nicate the information to Barilla.MONITOR AND CONTROLThe JITD system has the potential to substantial reduce costs if it is implemented correctly. In order to do so Barilla should begin implementing JITD within its own Depots and expand with pilot projects with the Distributors. Therefore mentioned analysis discussed a variety of methods by which to make such implementation more viable than it was in the past. However, such a list is in no way conclusive. Ideas such as reducing the number of SKUs and rearranging distribution channels should also be explored in the long term as they can also result in substantial cost savings. Barilla should be able to monitor and control the partnership with its distributors by measuring their performance, these are the following list of inclusions that may be used for this purpose:

Adult Crime Adult Time Essay

In â€Å"Adult Crimes, Adult Time,† published in the Washington Post on March 29, 1998, Linda J. Collier argues about the juvenile laws and her principal argument shows that children should serve the same time as adults when they commit adult crimes. Collier provides some statistics and examples (Jonesboro shooting, Daily City shooting, and her experience with a particular girl) that support her position regarding the information of the article. The diversity of laws among states made the situation much harder because they cannot come up with a specific solution for the problem. According to Collier, the solution is to create the same set of rules for every state, in order to punish the juvenile who commits adult crimes. However, the lack of participation of the federal government or Congress creates an environment of inconsistency in state laws that control the decision of prosecution of young society. Collier’s article is not a good example of an essay that combines a ll three appeals. The essay contains appeal to logos, but suffers from lack of reliable information of the topic and does not provides a decent amount of evidence that clearly supports her reasons. Also, the refutation of different opinions is unclear along the essay, and does not appear to be made correctly. However, Collier’s ability to build common ground, use sensory language and her appeal to pathos determines the good effectiveness of the argument. The article seems to contain a large amount of information persuading the reader to support the more severe and strict punishment for juveniles committing adult crimes. However, Collier’s overall argument seems weak due to the lack of logical, statistical, and supportive facts making it sound more like a complain instead of an argument. She does not provides statistical facts to support a change in the juvenile justice system, on the other hand, she just advises to change the set of rules without any reliable or factual support. In order to support her claim Collier should provide strong facts, such as, number of juveniles involved in murders and number of violent activities related to juvenile’s individuals. For example, the number of murders done by juveniles in 2003 was 783, however statistics show that the number of murders done by juveniles reached over 1.100 by 2007. In her argument, Collier never gives a clear and evident example of how only extending and implying harsher and more severe consequences will help reduce juvenile crime rates. For instance, there is no reliable measure of improvement that shows that Collier’s solution will decreased the rate of juvenile crimes. Logically, a more severe punishment will indeed frighten and make a juvenile think twice before committing a crime, although it wont guarantee a complete solution for the problem. In the sense of ethos, Collier’s essay comes off as a cold and dry argument due to her strict point of view exhibiting any sort of emotion or sympathy towards the juvenile’s perspective. It is important to keep in mind that kids will be kids regardless of the matter, therefore people tend to forget that they are sti ll in the process of growing up and becoming responsible adults. On behalf of that, kids are vulnerable to make mistakes and careless choices without thinking about the consequences. Collier flat out just wants to extend and intensify the judicial punishment, without any concerns regarding the juvenile’s background, family situation, or any other important factor that relates or leads to a juvenile misbehavior in the first place. Even thought it may sound reasonable to intensify the juvenile justice system, there are specific situations that should be evaluated before considering such changes. Such as, being at the wrong place and at the wrong time, facing problems through desperate matters, and mental problems that could lead to a tragic ending for a kid. Collier does not point out or takes under considerations this other subliminal and contributing factors of various kinds that can play an important role in a young person’s life, making her appeal to ethos vulnerable along the argument. On the contrary, Collier’s appeal to pathos determines her side and stand point of the issue for sure. Clearly, she wants to lower juvenile crime rates through modifying and extending the juvenile justice system. Considering Collier’s plan as a possible solution for the present issue, the creation of common ground is stabled due to the fact that we all want a more safe and developed society for the future. Collier argues in such a way that she makes it seem as it is a perfect world with simple solutions to serious problems. That’s not always the case. Life is more hypothetical than a simple extension of punishments and consequences. On account of what was mentioned before, kids will always be kids and if they do not consider consequences, they still wont consider what Colliers suggest. As a conclusion, Collier’s overall argument it is good. The essay presents many weaknesses related with the appeal to logos and ethos, however her facility to establish common ground helps the confident of the article. Although, ethos and logos does not provide support, the appeal to pathos along the essay is a major strength. Collier should add more reliable information, facts, and statistics in order to make a stronger argument and support all the information contained in it. Coming up with respectful and clear refutations to other opinions will create a bigger level of respect between the writer and the readers, resulting in an excellent and complete argument about the juvenile crime. Work Cited Collier, Linda J. â€Å"Adult Crime, Adult Time.† The Washington Post Company, Page C01. Web. Sunday, March 29, 1998.

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buy custom National Health Service essay The principle that distinguishes a national health service from all other forms of medical and health care delivery is that it is a delivery system accountable, through the body politic; to the population it serves. Introduction The preceding statement articulates the intent and focus of the British National Health Service (NHS). As we wend our way through the various health care systems in this paper, we should note that the NHS has historically been characterized as a health model for the entire worldve. At the same time, the NHS has been vilified for being underfinanced, overly centralized, and creating potentially life-threatening patient queues. Regardless of how the current system is assessed, the NHS, like all health care systems, emerged as the result of politically motivated interests as well as historically significant events. The National Health Service Act (England and Wales) of 1946 aimed to introduce a comprehensive health service designed to secure enhancement in the bodily and psychological wellbeing as well as the prevention, identification and treatment of the diseases or sickness. Before this, government responsibility (at local and national levels) for individuals health and welfare was much more limited. There was no centralized, co-ordinated set of health services as there is today. For instance, before the NHS, hospital services were provided by a patchwork of voluntary (charitable) foundations, municipal (local government-run0 hospitals, and private hospitals and clinics. The NHS, which began treating patients in July 1948, was a landmark in health policy in two important ways. First, it was a centralized and government-dominated style of policy-making, despite the power of the medical profession to shape and alter policies locally. This traditional pattern of uniformity and control of the NHS by the Department of Health in London is now giving way to less centralized approach- not least because of the introduction of devolved administrations in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. However, compared with health systems in North America and in most European countries, it remains a uniquely uniform and centralized health service. Second, the introduction of the NHS represented a landmark because it was among the most socialistic and radical policies in the post-1945 Labour governments welfare state programme. The NHS formed a central pillar in the welfare states ambition to provide equal care for everyone from the cradle to grave. However, the NHS not only represented fairness, equality and freedom from the worry of not being able to afford medical treatment, it also represented a turning point in policy about where the responsibility lay for peoples health and health care. Along with the benefits of a free National Health Service came the assumption that it was now primarily the states responsibiity to look after people and take responsibility for their health. Although health care in England can be traced to the development of hospitals in the tenth century,the National Health Service has its historical origins in the emergence of friendly societies during the nineteenth century. These societies are characterized as a natural growth of associations of persons, often earning their livelihood in a similar fashion, who paid money into a common fund for some form of insurance purpose. In addition to the friendly societies, the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 was intended to provide the poor and the sick with health care. As the industrial revolution progressed throughout the nineteenth century, rural populations were increasingly forced into urban centers. Because of this movement, the government became more concerned with public health issues such as sanitation. As a result, a central authority-a central board of health under the Privy council was established to address the increasing knowledge of disease patterns. In addition to ensuring universal coverage, the newly created NHS provided hospital treatment, freely available for the whole population and financed by insurance contributions Physicians, however, were less than enthusiastic about the NHS. As a result, concessions, such as allowing them to maintain private practice and not requiring them to become salaried civil servants, were included[4]. Organizationally, the NHS consisted of a tiered system of central administration, regional hospital boards, local health authorities and executive councils, and a tripartite of providers: hospital, community, and family practice services (5). The bill creating the NHS was passed in 1946, but it was not officially implemented until July 5, 1948. The NHS is an entitlement that ensures a number of rights to UK citizens. These rights include the following: To be registered with a general practitioner (GP) To be referred to as a consultant acceptable to him or her where the GP thinks it necessary; and To receive emergency medical care at any time. Originally, the NHS was divided into three major components under the auspices of the minister of health: regional hospital boards, local health authorities, and executive councils. As with all health care systems, the NHS continues to experience structural change. The first major reorganization of the system occurred in 1974 with the objective of increasing the efficiency of the service delivery. In the process, the three original components were to be replaced by a structure of complete integration combining all these sectors into one comprehensive organization. These reorgannization efforts resulted in the creation of regional health authorities (formerly the regional hospital boards) and area health authorities (formerly the local authorities). The executive councils remained but were put under the control of the Family Practitioner Committee that was directly responsible to the Department of Health and Social Services. Further reorganization of the NHS occurred throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 1982, the area health authorities (which were created in 1974) were eliminated. Concomitantly, private health care opportunities increased through the efforts of the conservative Thatcher government. By the mid-1980s, 10% of the population was covered by private insurance. The second change was a new management style. A 1983 document by Roy Griffiths, director of a supermarket chain, outlined a management structure for the NHS. This structure would incorporate general mangers at all levels of the NHS and reduce the role of doctors and nursing representatives in the decision-making process. The third change involved an increased private sector within the health care community. Growth in this sector has been limited but consistent with social class position. Interestingly, the movement toward a large role for the private sector has had the effect of solidifying the medical communitys support for the NHS. Perhaps most important is the impact the private sectors has had on the long-term care. Here, the private, and voluntary, sectors became the largest producers of institutional long stay care for the elderly by 1987. Conclusion As have been reflected above, there were several short term significance that the National Health Service brought to the people of United Kingdom. The paper has reflected on NHS having some significance on the lives of women, it led to an improved health for the nation, improved medical knowledge as well as treatment, the reorganization and restructuring of the healthcare system as well as the change in the role of government. The indicative started by the then secretary Aneurin Bevan was born in Manchester; many did not think that it was to be a huge success in terms of healthcare provision. Today, NHS stands out for its noble principles which uplift the presence of healthcare service being accessible to all people and financed entirely from taxation. Despite the major progress brought by NHS in the health sector, there are several challenges that have been met with one of them being that some people feel that NHS has not done enough, and that the budget allocation being allocated s hould not be the case. However, the majority feel that NHS achieved a great milestone in the short duration after its inception. 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The challenge of treating cancer patients with the CyberKnife in local cancer centres †a critical review The WritePass Journal

The challenge of treating cancer patients with the CyberKnife in local cancer centres – a critical review Introduction The challenge of treating cancer patients with the CyberKnife in local cancer centres – a critical review . How many different types of cancer are there? Chabner B, Longo DL. Cancer Chemotherapy and Biotherapy: Principles and Practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Willians Wilkins. 2005 telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8423891/Cancer-patients-denied-last-hope-robot-surgery.html Hodges JC, Lotan Y, Boike TP, Benton R, Barrier A, Timmerman RD. Cost-effectiveness analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy versus intensity-modulated radiation therapy: an emerging initial radiation treatment option for organ-confined prostate cancer. Journal of oncology practice / American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2012;8(3 Suppl):e31s-e7s. Collins BT, Levy E, Chang T, Jamis-Dow C, Banovac F, Anderson ED, et al. Radical stereotactic radiosurgery with real-time tumor motion tracking in the treatment of small peripheral lung tumors. Radiation oncology (London, England). 2007;2(1):39-. Siva S, MacManus M, Ball D. Stereotactic radiotherapy for pulmonary oligometastases: a systematic review. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. 2010;5(7):1091. Snider JW, Anderson E, Collins BT, Oermann EK, Chen V, Rabin J, et al. CyberKnife with Tumor Tracking: An Effective Treatment for High-Risk Surgical Patients with Single Peripheral Lung Metastases. Frontiers in oncology. 2012;2:63. Lax I, Panettieri V, Wennberg B, Amor Duch M, Nslund I, Baumann P, et al. Dose distributions in SBRT of lung tumors: Comparison between two different treatment planning algorithms and Monte-Carlo simulation including breathing motions. Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 2006;45(7):978-. Rights in relation to NHS Treatment Factsheet- Rethink, 2011. rethink.org/document.rm?id=702 Wowra B, Muacevic A, Zausinger S, Tonn J-C. Radiosurgery for spinal malignant tumors. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international 2009;106(7):106-12. King CR, Brooks DJ, Gill H, Presti JC, Long-Term Outcomes From a Prospective Trial of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Low-Risk Prostate Cancer, International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2012; 82: 877-882 Lee WY, Cho DY, Lee HC, Chuang HC, Chen CC, Liu JL. Outcomes and cost- effectiveness of gamma knife radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy for multiple metastatic brain tumors. J Clin Neurosci. 2009;16(5):630-4. 13.Department of Health (2011) Improving Outcomes: A strategy for Cancer dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_123371 14.Delaney G, Jacob S, Featherstone C, Barton M. The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment: estimating optimal utilization from a review of evidence-based clinical guidelines. Cancer. 2005;104(6):1129-37

Illinois State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

Illinois State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Learn All About Illinois with These Resources Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the Illinois State Outline Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the Following Questions About Illinois State Capital What is the capital?Capitol TourState Flag Why was Illinois added to the flag?State Flower What is the state flower?State Prairie Grass What is the state prairie grass?State Animal When was the state animal made official?State Bird Who selected the state bird?State Fish How big does this fish get?State Fossil What is the Tully Monster?State Mineral What is this mineral used for?State Tree What was the state tree changed to?State Insect Who suggested this state insect?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Dance What is the official dance?State Seal What was changed on the new seal? Printable Illinois Worksheets Illinois Printable Pages - Learn more about Illinois with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Did You Know... List two interesting facts. Word Search - Print out the word search and find the state related words. Illinois State Symbols Game - Test your knowledge of the symbols. Do You Know? - Fun facts about Illinois. Route 66 Printables Historic Route 66 - The official website of the Illinois Route 66 Scenic Byway.Chicago, Illinois is where the Mother Road begins. Government - Learn about the three branches of government; executive, legislative and judicial. Envirofun - Learn about the environment and have some fun with: Middle Riddle: A picture riddle with an environmental message.How to Put Worms to Work for You: How to build a compost binMake a Water Cycle WheelLitter Hunt At Home in the Heartland Online - Family life in Illinois from 1700 to the present. Meet real people and share in their decision making. Shedd Aquarium - Explore the animals at the Shedd Aquarium. Dont miss the interactive story of Kayavak. Chicago Fire - Learn about this amazing fire that destroyed thousands of buildings and read about one young girls narrow escape. Willis  Tower - Learn about the second tallest building in North America. Print and color the pictures in the coloring book. Robert Pershing Wadlow - Meet the gentle giant. Odd Illinois Law: Catching fish with dynamite was forbidden.

Personality & Emotional Developement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personality & Emotional Developement - Essay Example These include communication, critical thinking, and creativity. Communication enables a child to explore the surrounding by asking questions and in turn get feedback. Through communication, one is able to express opinions and feelings in a comprehensive and social manner, and therefore, enhance development. Secondly, is critical thinking as another social skill that enhances social development. Critical thinking enables an individual to evaluate the activities that he or she engages in, and the manner in which tasks involved are accomplished. Critical thinking in turn enables one to make substantive determinations before engaging in any task. By developing such skills, such individuals are able to identify various aspects about a task and adopt means of accomplishment. Lastly, is the skill of creativity. Children with the ability to generate new ideas towards various aspects indeed develop faster socially and easily incorporated into the society (Hagan, 2003). Family setups also influence communication, critical thinking, and creativity in a child’s development. First, is the aspect of unity in families, which contribute significantly towards the positive development of a child. Unity enables a child to communicate freely with the parents and siblings because of the conducive environment. Unity also influences the sharing of ideas among family members and hence initiates the development of new ideas through creativity. Critical thinking skills are also developed when individuals desire a common goal, an aspect of family unity. Care in a family also influences development of children socially. Communication enhances the chances of care and support from family members. Children develop critical thinking skills and become creative when proper care is provided in the family. This provides a calm environment in which a child is able to develop better thinking skills. As much as the family environment

World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

World History - Essay Example The country was divided as never before or since and it was seemingly the last time civilians bravely sacrificed themselves for a cause. The Vietnam War divided the nation along ideological battle lines. The older generation, the ‘establishment’, was of the WWII period and operated under a nationalistic perspective. They believed that to be a true patriot was to blindly follow the authority of the governmental powers that be, to support your ‘country’ even when you thought it was wrong. The young college protesters, the ‘new generation’, the counter-culture redefined this notion of patriotism. They believed that to be truly patriotic was to question the decisions of government and openly dissent when it was judged to be wrong. The philosophical chasm was wide and emotions ran deep on both sides. Those that protested sacrificed much. They suffered the scorn of their parents who couldn’t understand why their children were rebelling against the very foundation of their parents’ beliefs thus causing what was referred to as the ‘generation gap.’ Some war protesters were killed by soldiers of the National Guard as was the case at Kent State and South Carolina State. The protesters and draft-dodgers were thought of as anti-American by the mainstream citizenry who regarded their actions as nothing short of treasonous. This attitude makes one wonder what the ‘greatest generation’ thought they were fighting for during WWII. They fought to defend freedom on foreign soil but were very much opposed to the constitutionally guaranteed right to peacefully assemble in their own country (Bexte, 2002). The war protesters of the 1960’s had the courage to act upon their political and philosophical convictions unlike those who are opposed to the Iraq War today. The two conflicts are eerily similar on many fronts yet the public reaction has been very dissimilar. Then as now, those opposed to the war are

MAN SEARCH FOR MEANING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MAN SEARCH FOR MEANING - Essay Example Uninterrupted and successive strokes of negative impacts naturally cause gloom leaving a sense of bleak future. Although intermittent, impacts of positive feedbacks create a sense of over confidence which many times pave way to egotism and subsequent pitfalls thereby maintaining a vicious cycle. Oscillation between these two ends weakens human mind to land on a clear cut understanding what the meaning of life is. In fact, it is very fluid. To conceptualize the concept the phenomena and the factor of time have necessarily to be judged in the right sense. For the meaning of life differs from man to man, from day to day and from hour to hour. What matters, therefore, is not the meaning of life in general but rather the specific meaning of a persons life at a given moment. As such, according to Frankl, any verdict, judgment or assessment at a moment is subject to change at any other moment. This passes much light on our sheer incapacity to act on the strength of our ideology framed already on the basis of previous affixing of meaning. Going by the events around us becomes inevitable in several circumstances especially when under the influence of fetters. Multifaceted approach is practically impossible as the only process of thinking is concentrated in getting the fetters released. Even the various aspects of ideologies are diverted towards the same direction. Only by allowing a very strong contention of good hope of release would make it possible to think outwards. Such strong contention allows accepting things as such. Once we begin to accept things as they are, a ray of brightness enters. Lateral thinking feasible only under conditions of complete fulfillment or contentment. However, honing of our thinking process is made convenient under fettered situations. Several mighty works of great people have emerged at prisons. This proves the truth that man begins to observe his own

Critical appraisal of a nursing quantitative study Essay

Critical appraisal of a nursing quantitative study - Essay Example is critical exposure of the nurse participants their levels of hygiene compliance despite work load and is important I self evaluation for personal competence improvements. The participants could also develop a better understanding of mediator roles of external factors on the nurses’ motivation and ability to comply with standards. This could then inform the nurses for self initiatives to managing the environmental factors towards higher level competence and compliance to hygiene standards and other standards. The major risk that the authors do not identify is possible psychological effects of the nurses knowledge of their lack of compliance because of the potential consequences of the non compliance to quality of delivered services. The authors are also silent on the process of recruiting research participants. There was however informed consent from research participants and administrator of the hospital facility that was used for data collection. Existence of informed consent further suggest voluntary participation by the involved nurses. It is however difficult to report possible approval by the institutional review board because the researchers do not report on it. Meeting minimum requirements for publication, such as ethical principles, however suggest that the authors ensured institutional review board approval besides informed consent and voluntary participation. The major variables are identified, though not explicitely, but are not defined. External factors, interms of work load, is the independent variable while staff compliance with hand hygiene standards is the dependent variable. personal observations and interviews were used for data collection and even though the researchers do not explain their rationale for choice of data collection methods, advantages such as convenience and unlimited access to information suggest the choice (Kothari, 2004). Data collection occurred over a one year period, beginning in June 2007 and ending in May 2008. It was

Statistic paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistic paper 1 - Essay Example How does a consumer know which one contains the lowest calorie amidst so many brands? This assignment establishes facts that will help customers navigating through the aisles in search for cereal of deserved calorie. This will be achieved by establishing a population mean of calories of 100 gram of cereals regardless of cereal brands. Should a customer plan on finding a cereal packet that contains calories lower than the mean, the customer would need more time to find it than the packet with the mean value. Data Collection Breakfast cereal population, in this case, is different brands that are available at the website the calorie counter (â€Å"The Calorie Counter†). The data of each sample represents the published calorie value of 100 grams of breakfast cereals. Therefore, sample unit for this study is breakfast cereal, and the response unit is calorie per 100 gram. The population study reveals that General Mills, Kellog, Kraft, Malt – o- Meal, and Quaker companies are principal manufactures of the breakfast cereals (The Calorie Counter). General Mills produces 48 brands, Kellog produces 40 brands, Kraft produces 24 brands, Malt – O – Meal produces 9 brands, and Quaker produces 44 brands. The population consists of 165 brands. The study uses samples of 30 individual breakfast cereals selected randomly from this population. The population consists of 5 strata. This study uses stratified sampling technique to collect sample data. Numbers of samples from each stratum are calculated using the formula; (Population of the stratum / entire population) x 30. Sample size, n = 30 is determined on literature review for determining the sample size for statistical analysis (â€Å"30 Samples†). Description and Presentation of Data This research uses retrospective observational quantitative data; variables with numerical values. Quantitative data have two classes: discrete and continuous. If a variable can take values between a minimum and maximum, it is called continuous variable otherwise it is discrete. Based on the above discussion this assignment will use continuous quantitative data. The sample data of this assignment is presented using stem and leaf, and array tables. Stem and Leaf Table. It presents data in all of its detail. It describes the range and relative frequency of each value in the set. The stem and leaf table helps determine the best grouping level for a frequency histogram. In this assignment, the each value of sample data set consists of three digits. Raw data set is rearranged in an ascending order; first two digits are considered the stem and corresponding leafs are counted for each stem. Table 1 displays the values of the data set in the form of stem and leaf. Table 1. Stem and Leaf Data Distribution Total 31 1 1 32 0 3 2 33 2 4 2 34 0 1 35 0 2 2 36 5 1 37 0 3 3 6 8 5 38 0 1 3 3 7 7 6 39 0 1 2 3 6 6 6 40 0 9 2 41 2 5 2    Subtotal 30 Array Table. It is arranged to present data in a tabular fo rm of columns and rows. Table 3 displays data in ascending order in an array. Data are arranged in three rows, and each row consists of 10 columns Table2. Array Form Data Distribution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 311 320 323 332 334 340 350 352 365 370 373 373 376 378 380 381 383 383 387 387 390 391 392 393 396 396 400 409 412 415 Histogram. Table 2 displays sample data in the array form. The minimum value is 311, and the maximum value is 415. The

The trouble with Lichen. novel by John Wyndham and Short circuit movie Literature review

The trouble with Lichen. novel by John Wyndham and Short circuit movie - Literature review Example â€Å"The trouble with Lichen.† by John Wyndham. The plot of the novel takes the reader from the lab where the doctor, Saxover Francis, with his assistant, Brackley Diana extract the drug from the Lichen to the time when she has to make a run for her life when the secret about the drug leaks into society and her life is threatened. She eventually fakes her own death in order to avoid the death. Ironically, her product is actually supposed to avert death- at least for three hundred years. The movie is about a company that develops a set of five robots. The robots were originally intended to carry out some mundane activities like playing of musical instruments and others. They are named number one through to number five. After Newton Graham has finished developing the robots, he goes to demonstrate them to the other company at the grounds. His demonstration is however abruptly interrupted by a storm. It was while he was still evacuating the robots that one of them was struck by electric current. The electric current causes a â€Å"short circuit† and ultimately changes the instruction codes in the robot. This, as we later find out, gives the robot life. The two pieces are both science fictions that are somewhat related. They both predict on future innovations that actually took place many years down the line. Even though man has not yet found a solution to ageing that would make him attain the age of here hundred years, there are at least some drugs that are being used to control ageing to a significant degree. Consequently, the prediction made in short circuit have also come to see the light of day. There are much technological advancement in the ICT field that can be comparable to the ideas propagated in short circuit. The main reason why I chose this novel and this movie is the fact that they made some interesting predictions about the innovations in the future and the innovations eventually came to be. The other reason is the fact that they both took a realistic approach as far as how society responds to new inventions is concerned. The Trouble with Lichen This is a novel about a young lady who is working as a biochemist and wh o in the course of her day to day duties, stumbles upon a certain strain of Lichen that can actually be used to reverse the aging process in humans. It is from this Lichen that the novel draws its title, â€Å"trouble with lichen.† Supposedly, this strain of lichen can be used to lengthen the lifespan of an average human being to anything from two hundred up to three hundred years. The author of the novel approaches the issue by speculating on how the wider society would deal with such a discovery. There are two main characters in the plot of the book. The first is Brackley Diana and the second one is Saxover Francis. Both are biochemists who are involved in research. Saxover is a doctor and Diana is his employee. They are doing independent experiments to investigate the characteristics of certain strains of Lichen. Diana stumbles on a life transforming discovery when she notices that a certain strain of the lichen prevents milk from turning sour. The strain of Lichen that sh e discovered was rare and it actually originates form East Asia. She works tireless with the help of Francis Saxover and two eventually manage to extract a new drug from the Lichen. They call this new drug antigerone. Antigerone can be used to slow down ageing in the human body. Francis decides to secretly use the medicine on his family members and on himself to prevent their ageing. On the other hand, Diana sets up a spa and cosmetic business and starts using the product on a number of rich and

Statistic paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistic paper 1 - Essay Example How does a consumer know which one contains the lowest calorie amidst so many brands? This assignment establishes facts that will help customers navigating through the aisles in search for cereal of deserved calorie. This will be achieved by establishing a population mean of calories of 100 gram of cereals regardless of cereal brands. Should a customer plan on finding a cereal packet that contains calories lower than the mean, the customer would need more time to find it than the packet with the mean value. Data Collection Breakfast cereal population, in this case, is different brands that are available at the website the calorie counter (â€Å"The Calorie Counter†). The data of each sample represents the published calorie value of 100 grams of breakfast cereals. Therefore, sample unit for this study is breakfast cereal, and the response unit is calorie per 100 gram. The population study reveals that General Mills, Kellog, Kraft, Malt – o- Meal, and Quaker companies are principal manufactures of the breakfast cereals (The Calorie Counter). General Mills produces 48 brands, Kellog produces 40 brands, Kraft produces 24 brands, Malt – O – Meal produces 9 brands, and Quaker produces 44 brands. The population consists of 165 brands. The study uses samples of 30 individual breakfast cereals selected randomly from this population. The population consists of 5 strata. This study uses stratified sampling technique to collect sample data. Numbers of samples from each stratum are calculated using the formula; (Population of the stratum / entire population) x 30. Sample size, n = 30 is determined on literature review for determining the sample size for statistical analysis (â€Å"30 Samples†). Description and Presentation of Data This research uses retrospective observational quantitative data; variables with numerical values. Quantitative data have two classes: discrete and continuous. If a variable can take values between a minimum and maximum, it is called continuous variable otherwise it is discrete. Based on the above discussion this assignment will use continuous quantitative data. The sample data of this assignment is presented using stem and leaf, and array tables. Stem and Leaf Table. It presents data in all of its detail. It describes the range and relative frequency of each value in the set. The stem and leaf table helps determine the best grouping level for a frequency histogram. In this assignment, the each value of sample data set consists of three digits. Raw data set is rearranged in an ascending order; first two digits are considered the stem and corresponding leafs are counted for each stem. Table 1 displays the values of the data set in the form of stem and leaf. Table 1. Stem and Leaf Data Distribution Total 31 1 1 32 0 3 2 33 2 4 2 34 0 1 35 0 2 2 36 5 1 37 0 3 3 6 8 5 38 0 1 3 3 7 7 6 39 0 1 2 3 6 6 6 40 0 9 2 41 2 5 2    Subtotal 30 Array Table. It is arranged to present data in a tabular fo rm of columns and rows. Table 3 displays data in ascending order in an array. Data are arranged in three rows, and each row consists of 10 columns Table2. Array Form Data Distribution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 311 320 323 332 334 340 350 352 365 370 373 373 376 378 380 381 383 383 387 387 390 391 392 393 396 396 400 409 412 415 Histogram. Table 2 displays sample data in the array form. The minimum value is 311, and the maximum value is 415. The

Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 1987 U.S. Lexis 1056 (1987) Assignment

Arizona v. Hicks, 480 U.S. 321, 1987 U.S. Lexis 1056 (1987) - Assignment Example He was informed that one of the equipment, a turntable, had been stolen in an armed robbery, so he seized it and got a search warrant to search the rest of the apartment. It was then discovered that some of the other stereo equipment had also been stolen in an armed robbery, for which the respondent was subsequently indicted. The main issue in this case is whether the initial entry into the respondent’s apartment, and the subsequent recording of the serial numbers on the stereo equipment constituted a violation of Fourth Amendment rights. This issue is a decision on whether the evidence had been seized illegally, and so should be suppressed. The issue is also, whether the exigent circumstances of the initial entry into the apartment allowed for the seizing of evidence related to a non-exigent matter; the stolen stereo equipment. Originally, the state trial court held that the evidence used in the case had been seized; therefore, they granted the respondent’s motion to suppress the said evidence. This decision was also upheld by the Court of Appeals of Arizona, who conceded that the initial entry to the respondent’s living quarters was justified by the exigent circumstances of the case. However, the subsequent obtaining of the serial numbers from the stereo equipment qualified as an additional search not covered by the initial exigent circumstances. The Arizona Supreme Court subsequently affirmed the decision. Going by a statement in Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978) that a search not supported by a warrant must be strictly supported by the exigent circumstances following the search, the court decided to uphold the suppression of evidence. The Supreme Court reasoned that the police violated the respondent’s Fourth Amendment rights when they embarked on a search not justified by the first facts. The court also reasoned that the police’s actions were not justified by the plain view doctrine, since the officer who recorded the serial

Effect of Ionic Pollution on Aerosol Nucleation

Effect of Ionic Pollution on Aerosol Nucleation EFFECT OF IONIC POLLUTION ON AEROSOL NUCLEATION  AND CLOUD FORMATION ABSTRACT Atmospheric aerosol particles have a strong impact on the global climate and that is the main reason for many observed events of new aerosol formation being not understood. Forwarding, to explain these events one of the theory put is that the presence of ions can enhance the formation of aerosols in the atmosphere. This theory is called ion induced nucleation and in this paper, the state of observations and theory within the field is reviewed. While evidence for ion induced nucleation is accumulating the exact mechanism is still not known and more research is required to understand and quantify the effect. Keywords: Atmospheric aerosols, climate change, ion nucleation, nucleation rate, bulk nucleation Shivani Avasthi Deptt. Of Physics, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad U.P. [emailprotected] INTRODUCTION The role of ions in the production of aerosols is among the least understood, but potentially is an important process in the Earth’s atmosphere. Observation has shown that the nucleation of aerosol particles can occur under conditions that cannot be explained by classical nucleation theory [8]. Several ideas have been put forward to solve this nucleation problem, e.g. ion-induced nucleation [11, 13]. However, experimental investigations exploring the role of ions in particle production are scarce and often at conditions far removed from those relevant for the lower part of the atmosphere [1]. Since production rates at the size of 3 nm were observed to be 1–10 cm-3s-1, and numerical simulations yielded nucleation rates of initial stable clusters (approx. 1 nm) around 0.1–1 cm-3s-1, it is suggested that ions are active in continuously generating a reservoir of small thermodynamically stable clusters that can then rapidly grow in the presence of condensable vapours [9, 10, 12]. These results demonstrate that ions probably play an important role in the production of new aerosol particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. The chemical composition of aerosols is widely varied from largest size of fine mineral dust, to soot, to sulphate and nitrate salts. Human activities, especially fossil fuel burning, produce a lot of aerosols. In general, aerosols are more abundant over continents than over the oceans, which have consequences in form of the clouds that form there. Because aerosols interact with radiation and are crucial to cloud formation, they can strongly affect climate. Not all aerosol particles can be used to form a cloud droplet: certain criteria apply. Those aerosols meeting these criteria are called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). There are 2 types of aerosol which can act as CCN: The aerosol is insoluble but wettable (or hydrophilic), and sufficiently large. A surface is wettable when water collects on it in a thin film rather than bunching into drops (the opposite of a wettable surface is called hydrophobic, the classic example being a well-waxed car). 2. The other way for an aerosol to act as a CCN is for it to be soluble and large enough. Though there is still a size restriction, it is much less stringent than in the previous case. Because there are many more small aerosols than larger ones, this is the most common way for cloud droplets to form. Aerosols are present throughout the atmosphere and affect Earth’s climate directly through backscattering of sunlight and indirectly by altering cloud properties [4]. A ternary nucleating agent such as ammonia has been proposed to enhance the nucleation process by stabilizing early cluster formation [14]. Another possibility is that ions, produced mainly by galactic cosmic rays, can play an important role to give out the observed nucleation rates [13]. In this paper the role of ions in aerosol nucleation is reviewed. Two areas: Theory and Experimental studies are described in separate sections. In theory section, the various theories are mentioned to understand the nucleation. Experimental studies covers all measurements performed in the atmosphere from studies of the general behaviour of ions to particle nucleation observations where the role of ions is considered. This section also describes laboratory measurements from nucleation events to investigations of single reactions. Finally the state of the field is summarized. THEORITICAL APPROACHES A competition between the growth and evaporation of molecular clusters is called as Nucleation. For a stable cluster to be formed an initial energy barrier must be overcome – this barrier is due to the surface tension of the cluster. The height of this barrier is determined by the temperature and concentration of the nucleating species. There are several good introductions to nucleation theory as mentioned by Curtius [2]. This section deals with how the addition of an electrical charge alters the nucleation process. Thermodynamic theory The classical approach to bi- molecular homogeneous nucleation uses thermodynamics for the nucleation rate J is given as J = J0 exp (-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G*/kT) (1) where the pre exponential factor J0 = (2 ÏÆ' /Ï€ m)1/2 Ï 2v /Ï l depends upon the kinetics of the system and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G* is the free energy of formation of the critical cluster (the required cluster size to overcome the energy barrier), k is the Boltzmann’s constant, T the temperature, Ï v is the density of the supersaturated vapour , m is the mass of monomer molecules, Ï l the bulk liquid density. Kinetic theory One of the first kinetic models was developed by Yu et al. [17] in order to simulate exhaust plumes from aeroplanes. Coagulation processes were so fast that the thermodynamic solution did not apply and the evolution of heat in the plumes resulted in very high ion concentrations. Coagulation, condensation and evaporation were treated, and neutral, positive, and negative clusters were examined from 0.56 nm up to 0.56 ÃŽ ¼m size with individual bins for the first five molecules and bin sizes increasing by 20% per bin. All the parameters used were calculated from theory. It was concluded by the theory that the effect of changing ion concentration is highest when the ion production and Fig. 1- Gibbs free Energy barrier (Curtius, [2]) the pre-existing aerosol surface are low to begin with and when condensable gas concentrations are high. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Ion nucleation A review of atmospheric ion formation and different mechanisms for nucleation via ions was given by Harrison [6]. Large positive cluster ions (mass 2500 amu) were detected in the upper troposphere for the first time in 2002 using a large ion mass spectrometer [3]. The most common ions measured were composed of water, acetone, and a proton. Two larger modes were also detected. The lesser of these could be explained by the uptake of sulphuric acid but there were insufficient amounts of condensable gases to explain the largest measured particles by any other means than attachment of small aerosols to the ion clusters. The required concentration of these aerosols was 2.5 * 104 cm-3 and their presence could not be explained by homogeneous nucleation, which strongly indicated that the ions participated in the formation of clusters. The particles formed during a nucleation event were overcharged with negative ions indicating the participation of negative ion chemistry in the nucleation process. However little change in the number of small cluster ions (stable ions with a diameter of (~1.5 nm) was observed during the events, contrary to what would be expected from ion-induced nucleation (INU). This was possibly due to mixing of air parcels or a decrease in the ion condensation sink to other particles previous to the events. An instrument to measure the charged fraction of particles in nucleation events has been developed by Laakso et al. [7]. Particles were passed through a charger that could be turned on and off, and the size distribution was then determined by a differential mobility particle size counter with a switchable polarity to measure either positive or negative ions. A charged fraction above the expected equilibrium was detected in many cases indicating a contribution from INU. Negative overcharging was more common than positive. In order to test the theories and understand what to look for in field studies it is necessary to do experiments under controlled conditions. There are three main approaches to experimental investigation of INU. One approach explains the ion nucleation. Second approach operates on a macroscopic level trying to determine the influence of ions on bulk nucleation. The second approach is to investigate the molecular reactions taking place in an attempt to understand each step in the mechanism of particle formation. Bulk nucleation The first of this kind of experiments are the ones conducted by Wilson [16] where an expansion chamber was exposed to various kinds of ionizing radiation, and an increase in density of the resulting fog was reported. With the advent of particle counters more detailed studies became possible, and the relation between generated particles and radiation doses of alpha rays, beta rays, and x-rays were reported [10]. The doses used were from 1 to 15 rads forming ion concentrations orders of magnitude above atmospheric levels, and using this span of doses the particle production rate was increased by more than a factor of 100. Molecular reaction By investigating directly the molecules involved in the nucleation process more information about details of the mechanism may be revealed. It was found that the mole fraction of sulphuric acid approached that of neutral clusters with increasing cluster size [15]. Small negative clusters had more sulphuric acid than neutrals and the small positive clusters had less. The clusters did not grow to the sizes expected from the rate of collision between clusters and sulphuric acid, meaning that detachment of sulphuric acid played an important role. It was also shown that growth was more effective for negative than for positive clusters. A later study using the same setup determined the hydration constants for the clusters and using the obtained data together with data from Froyd et al. [5], the authors simulated the obtained mass spectra. SUMMARY Evidence for the importance of ions in aerosol nucleation is accumulating. We have shown above experimental studies, as well as the theoretical formulations which indicate that INU is a real effect, even under atmospheric conditions. In some studies the effect of ions is seen directly [12]. Some of the studies presented here indicate that the contribution from INU is just a few percent, compared to other nucleation mechanisms [7]. On the other hand there are also studies which point to ions as being a dominant source of new particles [18]. Models also do not agree where in the atmosphere INU can take place [9].The main question being whether it can happen in the boundary layer or not, and more data is required to improve the theories. One major obstacle to overcome in order to quantify the effect of INU is to determine the exact mechanism. It is well established that sulphate species play an important role, however the participation of other compounds cannot be ruled out. However, more investigations under atmospheric conditions are required to confirm and quantify the effect at varying temperatures and pressures. To further elucidate the potential impact on cloud formation, growth from freshly nucleated particles to cloud droplets must be investigated. REFERENCES. [1] Bricard, J., F. Billard, G. Madelaine: Formation and evolution of nuclei of condensation that appear in air initially free of aerosols, J. Geophys. Res. 73(1968) 4487– 4496. [2] Curtius, J.: Nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles, C. R Phys. 7(2006), 1027-1045. [3] Eichkorn, S., F. Arnold, R. Busen: Massive positive and negative ions in the exhaust of an aircraft jet engine at ground-level: mass distribution measurement and implications for aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002), 1821–1825. [4] Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing in climate change, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007, 171–180. [5] Froyd, K. D. and E. R. Lovejoy: Experimental Thermodynamic of Cluster ions, J. Phys. Chem. A 107(2003 a), 9812–9824. [6] Harrison, R. G.: Cloud Formation and the possible significance of charge for atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000), 381–396. [7] Laakso, L., A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala: Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(2007), 1333– 1345. [8] Lee, S.H., J. M. Reeves, J. C. Wilson: Particle formation by ion nucleation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Science 301 (2003), 1886–1889. [9] Lovejoy, E. R., J. Curtius, K. D. Froyd: Atmospheric ion induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, J. Geophys. Res. 109 D (2004), 8204–8214. [10] Megaw, W. J. and R. D. Wiffen: The generation of condensation nuclei by ionizing radiation, Pure Appl. Geophys. 50(1961), 118–128. [11] Raes, F., A. Janssens, R. Van Dingenen: The role of ion-induced aerosolformation in the lower atmosphere, J. Aerosol Sci. 17 (1986), 466–470. [12] Svensmark, H., J. Pedersen, M. B. Enghoff: Experimental evidence for the role of ion in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 463 (2007), 385–396. [13] Turco, R., P. Zhao, F. Yu: A new source of tropospheric aerosols: Ion-ion recombination, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998), 635– 638. [14] Weber, R. J., P. H. McMurry, L. Mauldin: A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species, J. Geophys. Res. 103(1998), 16385–16396. [15] Wilhelm, S. D. and F. Arnold: Ion-induced aerosol formation: new insights from laboratory measurements of mixed cluster ions, Atmos. Environ. 38(2004), 1734–1744 [16] Wilson, C. T. R.: The Effect of R ¨ontgen’s Rays on Cloudy Condensation, Proc. Roy. Soc. 59 (1895), 338–339. [17] Yu, F. and R. P. Turco: The formation of aerosols in stratospheric aircraft plumes: Numerical simulations and comparisons with observations, J. Geophys. Res. 103(2008), 25915– 25934. .

Why Band Directors Stick with it and Teach :: Band Directors Education Music Essays

Why Band Directors Stick with it and Teach It’s a question we all ask ourselves from time to time: "Why am I doing this? Is it really worth it?" For band directors, the question comes up a little more FREQUENTLY. The long rehearsals, hours of preparation and planning. Budget, buses and banged up tubas. Counseling and consoling. Lesson planning to tour planning." Why are you doing this?" Someone asked me once, "It’s only band". It’s only band? Studies show that those high school students least likely to be involved with drugs are band students. Six separate national independent studies showed students with four years of instrumental music scored 40-50% higher on their Math and English Sat scores that non –music students who had equal scores four years earlier. "Why" Music is the only subject that encompasses all seven learning intelligences. Music is one of only two subjects that "connects" the two independent sides of the brain –logical and creative. Similar studies showed that band students attend more regularly. They participate in their classrooms, look forward to and actually like school. They become more focused, more disciplined. An educated person is less likely to end up in jail, impaired by addictions, or homeless. Band teaches life skills. Where independent thinking is the model in most academic classrooms, teamwork is essential in band. Band students learn to work with and for each other. The three R’s in band include Respect, Responsibility, & Reliability. Our students learn to appreciate one another for their individual talents and their contributions to the organization as a whole. They learn positive social skills –the most important factor in our program –where we teach such qualities as confidence, pride, and self esteem; all values that will serve these young people well throughout the course of their life. Citizenship, team motivational skills/leadership skills, time management, organization skills, dependability, and honesty are instilled into band members. Band teaches students to face challenges and strive to reach higher and higher goals. Band is family. When your student walks onto campus, he or she is instantly adopted into the strongest society on campus. They will be spending their school days among the top achievers on campus, with fellow students who look out for one another and steer each other away from trouble instead of towards it. Teachers, staff, parents, and volunteers watch over all the kids as if they were their own.

Shakespeares Othello - The Character of Iago Essay -- Othello essays

The Character of Iago      Ã‚   In Othello, by William Shakespeare, one of the most intriguing characters is Iago. At first glance he seems to be pure evil, but I think his actions are much more complex. Through thought-out words and actions Iago is able to manipulate others to do things that benefit him and move him closer to his goals. This character is consumed with envy and deceit that leads to theft and killing. Iago is the main driving force in this play, pushing Othello and the other characters towards their tragic endings.    Iago is not your ordinary villain. He is smart and an expert judge of people's character and uses this to his advantage. For example, he knows Roderigo is in love with Desdemona and figures Roderigo would do anything to have her as his own. Iago states, "Thus do I ever make my fool my purse." By playing on his hopes Iago is able to swindle money and jewels from Roderigo, making a substantial profit and making him a pawn in his plan. Iago is also quick on his feet and able to improvise when the unexpected occurs.    Being of smart mind, Iago is quick to recognize the advantages of trust, thus using it as a tool in forwarding his goals. Throughout the play he is often referred to and known as "honest Iago." He even states, "I am an honest man..." Trust is a powerful emotion that can easily be abused. As seen with Othello who, "holds (him) well/The better shall (Iago's) purpose work on him." Iago's use of his trust is greatly abused and beneficial only to him. His "med'cine works! Thus credulous fools are caught..." Iago slowly poisons people's thoughts, implanting ideas in their heads without implication to himself. Iago, a masterful deceiver, says, "And what's he t... ...to be a person "of exceeding honesty, (who) knows all qualities, with learned spirit of human dealings." Iago does know all about human dealings, but he is far from honest. He uses the trust Othello puts into their friendship to turn him into a jealous man. Iago told Othello that his wife was cheating on him thus Othello thought he was killing for justice. He even said he "loved not wisely but too well." When the opportunity occurred Iago was lurking, waiting for the chance to take advantage of Othello. Iago succeeded in destroying all he sought out.    Works Cited and Consulted:    Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.    Shakespeare, William. "The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice" The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174